(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
OTHER COMMON NAMES - CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER; CACTUS, SILVER; CACTUS and GYPSUM
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CARYOPHYLLALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CACTACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - PEDIOCACTUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - SILERI,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - PEDIOCACTUS SILERI
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Siler Pincushion Cactus
Pediocactus sileri (Engelmann) L. Benson
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Caryophyllales FAMILY: Cactaceae
Pediocactus sileri is a small, solitary, globose cactus, about
10 cm (4 inches) tall and 7.5 to 10 cm (3 to 4 inches) in diameter.
Gierisch and Anderson (16) give a maximum size of 45 cm (18 inches)
tall. There are 3 to 7 brownish-black (becoming gray to white with
age) straight spines per circular areole. There are in addition, 11
to 16 whitish radial spines per areole. The central spines are about
2.5 cm (1 inch) long, the radials slightly less. The flowers are
about 2.5 cm in diameter and are yellowish with maroon veins. The
greenish-yellow fruits have scales, are enlarged upward, and are dry
at maturity; the scales are gray (03,06,07,17,19).
Siler pincushion cactus was described by Engelmann in 1896 in
Coulter (11), based on specimens collected by A.L. Siler in May of
1883 at Cottonwood Springs and Pipe Springs. Engelmann did not have
the fruit so the taxon was included in Echinocactus. Two type
locations were given in the original citation, one of which was
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
probably in Utah, and the other in Arizona (25).
Britton and Rose (08) applied the generic name Utahia because of
its supposed location in Utah, but for many years its presence there
was open to question (01,03,19,31). It is today known from Utah near
St. George, Washington County (28) and near Kanab, Kane County (14,
15), as well as Arizona.
Lyman Benson (03,04,05) placed the species in the genus
Pediocactus, section Pediocactus, along with P. simpsonii, P.
knowltonii, P. paradinei, and P. bradyi. Although there are many
dissimilarities between the species placed in Pediocactus, Benson
recognized the overriding similarity: the structure and method of
dehiscence of the fruit. The dull-colored dry fruits open along a
vertical slit in the ovary wall and fold back, with the top opening
like a lid (03,17).
Backeberg (02) continued using the name Utahia, separating the
taxon from Pediocactus based on floral characteristics. However, most
taxonomists accept Benson's placement of the taxon as Pediocactus
sileri (17).
The type specimen is located at the Missouri Botanical Garden,
MO (03,17). A photograph of the type is located at the New York
Botanical Garden NY (03). There are many published descriptions of
the species (03,06,07,09,11,17,19,22,23,24,28,31). The most complete
and accurate original descriptions are those of Peebles (19), Benson
(03,06,07), and Heil et al. (17).
Many publications have photographs of the species and its habitat
(01,06,07,14,15,16,17,18,19,31). Drawings occur in publications (09,
28) and at the USFWS, Regional Office in Albuquerque, NM. Specimens
have been deposited at the Missouri Botanical Garden, Brigham Young
University, Desert Botanical Garden, Museum of Northern Arizona,
Navajo Community College, Pomona College, University of AZ, University
of NM, and the University of UT.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Commercial
Non-consumptive recreational
Ornamental
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The siler pincushion cactus (Pediocactus sileri) has been
designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the States of Arizona and Utah.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BIA -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Bureau of Indian Affairs
lands.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Utah
DESIGNATED STATUS: None
STATE: Arizona
DESIGNATED STATUS: Protected
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Arizona Commission of Agriculture and
Horticulture
STATE STATUTE: Arizona Revised Statutes, Chapter 7, Sec 3-901B
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
This species is listed in Appendix I of CITES.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species has horticultural value and is commercially
available from cactus and succulent dealers. It's rarity makes it
particularly desirable to collectors. It has value as a component of
Arizona and Utah's natural heritage of biotic diversity.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27924 - Notice of review
76/06/16:41 FR 24523/24572 - Proposed Endangered
79/11/26:44 FR 61786/61788 - Listing as Endangered
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Pediocactus sileri is generally found on gypsiferous and
calcareous clay soils mostly derived from various members of the
Triassic Age Moenkopi Formation. It is sometimes found on nearly
identical-appearing members of the Chinle and Kaibab Formations, above
and below the Moenkopi, respectively (13,14,15,16,22,23). The soils
apparently are high in soluble salts and are usually white, although
they occasionally are red if derived from one of the red members of
the Moenkopi Formation (14,15,23). Soil texture varies from very
gravelly or shaley sandy loam through fine sandy loam to clay loam.
In some areas the plants are growing on fractured shale with very
little fine textured soil (14,15). Soil depth varies from negligible
to greater than 55 cm (22 inches) (14,15). Soil pH ranges from 7.2
to 8.8 (14,15,23).
Observations indicate that the plant is habitat specific and is
not found on other soils. The clay hills on which the plants are
often found form locally rolling topography, and often have a
"badlands" appearance. Frequently they support sparser vegetation
than adjacent areas of different substrate. Siler pincushion cactus
is found on all aspects (14,15,23) on such hills, and is found on
slopes varying from 0 to 80 percent (23). The known elevational range
is from 850 to 1650 meters (2800 to 5400 feet) (14).
The average annual precipitation is 25.8 cm (10 inches). Of
this, 30 percent usually falls in July through September.
Precipitation during this period is in the form of high intensity,
short duration thunderstorms associated with strongly heated, moist
air which advances into AZ from the southwest and the Gulf of Mexico.
The average seasonal snowfall is 26 cm (10.6 inches). Winter
snowfalls develop from frontal advances originating in the Pacific
Northwest (26). The average frost-free season is 196 days (23). In
winter the average temperature is 2 degrees C (35 degrees F) and the
average daily minimum temperature is minus 7 degrees C (20 degrees F).
In summer the average temperature is 24 degrees C (75 degrees F) and
the average daily maximum is 32 degrees C (90 degrees F) (26).
The off-road vehicle threat is most intense near populated areas
such as St. George (28), Pipe Springs/Moccasin, and Fredonia, AZ (22).
Trampling and habitat destruction by cattle is most severe in areas
of concentrated use such as near water and salt sources, and corrals.
There plants grow in shrub understory or along gully slopes where they
are protected from trampling (16).
P. sileri occurs in the shrub and brush rangeland land use/land
cover associations, specifically in the sagebrush, desert shrub and
pinyon-juniper forest/rangeland associations. The vegetation is of
low stature (less than 1 meter tall) and very sparse. Pinyons and
junipers are about 3 to 4 meters tall; the canopy is open (14,15,16).
As a result of its rather large elevational range and its
substantial east-west geographic distribution, there is considerable
variation from site to site in plant species associated with Siler
pincushion cactus. Dominant associated species include: Atriplex
confertifolia (Shadscale), Atriplex canescens (four-wing saltbush),
Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush), Artemisia bigelovii (flat
Habitat Associations - 1 sagebrush), Gutierrezia sarothrae (snakeweed), Salvia dorrii (desert
sage), Eriogonum corymbosum (shrubby wild buckwheat), Eriogonum
microthecum (slender buckwheat brush), Chrysothamnus nauseosus,
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (rabbitbrush), Ephedra spp. (Mormon tea),
Hilaria jamesii (Galleta), and Oryzopsis hymenoides (Indian rice-
grass) (13,14,15,22,23,28).
At higher elevation sites, associated species include: Pinus
edulis (Colorado pinyon), Juniperus osteosperma (Utah juniper),
Cowania mexicana (cliffrose), and Yucca baccata (Banana yucca). At
some low elevation sites, it is associated with: Larrea divaricata
ssp. tridentata (creosotebush), Ambrosia dumosa (white bursage), and
other species of low elevation desert. At one site in Washington
County, Utah, is found the dwarf bear-poppy (Arctomecon humilis), a
listed Endangerd species, and at other sites near Fredonia, Arizona,
it occurs with Eriogonum mortonianum and Eriogonum thompsonae var.
atwoodii which at this time are candidate species for possible listing
under the Endangered Species Act (13,14,15,22,23).
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G
G
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
Succulent (06,07).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (06,07).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual (23).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Pediocacti usually form buds in fall, but do not open until
spring (08,17). However, Fletcher (12) did not observe buds on the
species he located in April. Germination dates are unknown, anthesis
occurs from April to early May, and fruiting dates are from May to
June (08,12,17,23). Fruit dispersal occurs sometime before mid-
September.
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoclinous (03,06,07,19,23).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Pollen dissemination agents are unknown, however the seed
dissemination agents presumably are wind and rain water (17,22).
Dispersal of the genus seems to be limited by the dry, dull-
colored fruits which do not appear to attract birds or rodents.
Apparently wind and rain water are responsible; this tends to produce
relatively scattered colonies with fairly high density (17). Often
these small populations are separated by distances of several miles
even when suitable habitat is contiguous. Disturbance of the habitat
by overgrazing or off-road vehicles causes erosion and compaction of
soil, and influences success of seeds being dispersed to suitable
habitats (14,16,23).
SEED BIOLOGY:
Amount of and variation in annual seed production, seed
viability, longevity, and percent germination have not been studied.
Pediocacti in general require summer dormancy (08,17), although
Pediocactus sileri does not retract into the soil as other species do
(17). The germination requirements described here are applicable to
Pediocactus and Sclerocactus and apply to greenhouse conditions (08,
17).
1) First month: temperature minus 8 degrees C (20 degrees F)
night, 2 to 5 degrees C (35 to 40 degrees F) day; soil 50
percent peat moss, 50 percent sand; mist and bottom water pot;
not in full sun.
2) Two weeks: 5 to 20 degrees C (40 to 70 degrees F) night to
day; moist.
3) 10 to 40 degrees C (50 to 110 degrees F), partial shade, wet
and humid one week per month, drying out for 3 weeks.
4) Late fall let dry for 2 months.
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
Seedlings are removed when they germinate and put in partial sun,
fresh air, given occasional waterings and feedings, and cooler
temperatures rather than warm (08).
Heil et al. (17) advocates stratification of seeds by freezing
dry seeds 30 days at 1 degree C; and notes that the species is
especially susceptible to root rot.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Limiting factors for Pediocactus sileri include: specialized soil
type, cold winters, summer dormant period, and drying out periods (07,
08,17,22,23). This species appears to be in a healthy reproductive
state (23). Although several dead plants occur at most sites, several
size classes (including young plants) are represented in each
population, and fruiting success appears high. Forty-seven fruits
were attached to 36 plants in one population; 50 percent of the plants
were flowering in another study (23). Populations vary greatly in
size, number of individuals (frequently less than 12 individuals per
population) (12), range 18 to 530 per population in another study
(14), and density (12,13,14,15,16). Often populations are separated
by distances of several miles even when suitable habitat is contiguous
(17). Plants are eaten by rabbits, rodents, and insect larvae (14,16,
23), and trampled by cattle (16,23). Without the adverse impacts
caused by man, Pediocactus sileri appears to have stable, viable
populations, and therefore favorable recovery potential (22).
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
Pediocactus sileri is generally found on gypsiferous and
calcareous clay soils mostly derived from various members of the
Triassic Age Moenkopi Formation. It is sometimes found on nearly
identical-appearing members of the Chinle and Kaibab Formations, above
and below the Moenkopi, respectively (13,14,15,16,22,23). The soils
apparently are high in soluble salts and are usually white, although
they occasionally are red if derived from one of the red members of
the Moenkopi Formation (14,15,23). Soil texture varies from very
gravelly or shaley sandy loam through fine sandy loam to clay loam.
In some areas the plants are growing on fractured shale with very
little fine textured soil (14,15). Soil depth varies from negligible
to greater than 55 cm (22 inches) (14,15). Soil pH ranges from 7.2
to 8.8 (14,15,23).
Siler pincushion cactus is found on all aspects of slope (14,15,
23), varying from 0 to 80 percent (23). The known elevational range
is from 850 to 1650 meters (2800 to 5400 feet) (14).
The average annual precipitation is 25.8 cm (10 inches). The
average seasonal snowfall is 26 cm (10.6 inches). The average frost-
free season is 196 days (23). In winter the average temperature is 2
degrees C (35 degrees F) and the average daily minimum temperature is
minus 7 degrees C (20 degrees F). In summer the average temperature
is 24 degrees C (75 degrees F) and the average daily maximum is 32
degrees C (90 degrees F) (26). The plant normally grows in full
sunlight.
According to Jorgenson (32), Soil Survey Party Leader, SCS, St.
George, the badland soils on which this cactus grows have not been
surveyed, classified or mapped. Therefore it is not possible to state
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
soil order and series for this species.
TROPHIC STATUS:
The Siler pincushion cactus is phototrophic (29). Cacti have
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM). Carbon dioxide is absorbed at
night, incorporated first into malic or isocitric acid by a reversible
process requiring darkness. At low temperatures the equilibrium lies
toward the acid side, but at higher temperatures carbon dioxide is
released. The lower the night temperatures the more carbon dioxide
that can be fixed as an organic acid and the more that will be
available the next day for photosynthesis. Therefore cacti do well
where there is a pronounced periodicity in their environment, such as
in arid regions (29).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Component (12,13,14,15,16,23). Populations vary greatly in the
numbers of individuals and ranged from 18 to 530 per population in one
survey (16), with a range in density (plants per unit area) (12).
Plants are usually widely scattered in each population (12,23),
although in one high density area 72 plants were counted from one spot
(14).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
Siler pincushion cactus grows on the specialized Moenkopi
outcrops discussed in the above sections concerning habitat and
Ecological/Edaphic Factors. Most of the populations are in the Great
Basin Desert Scrub Biotic Communities, while a few of the higher
elevation sites are in the Great Basin Conifer Woodland and Plains
and the Great Basin Grassland, and low elevation sites are in the
Mohave Desert Scrub (10,14,23). The plants in these communities are
generally low in stature (less than 1 meter tall, except for pinyon
and juniper), and vegetative cover is sparse. No quantitative data is
available. With the exception of possible influence of livestock
grazing (16), these communities can be considered stable climax
communities. Any modification of the habitat would probably have a
negative impact on the species.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Siler pincushion cactus is used as a food source by rabbits and
rodents (16,23). Insect larvae also eat the plants (14,16).
Populations around Fredonia, AZ, were being heavily infested by insect
larvae in 1985. Few live plants could be found at that time (33).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Regulating commercial harvest levels
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Collecting
Existing Collecting
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Disease
Existing Disease
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
At the time of listing as an Endangered species the perceived
threats to P. sileri were (23,27): strip mining of gypsum deposits,
off-road vehicle use (12), the Warner Valley Project in UT (28),
collection (12,20,21,28), trampling and habitat destruction by cattle,
and the restriction of the species to a specialized and localized soil
type with low total population levels in small scattered disjunct
populations (12,23).
Intensive searches by BLM personnel from 1976 to 1979
significantly increased the numbers of known populations and
individuals (13,14,15,16,30). Some of these populations are on
substrate of low economic value and are in more remote localities (14,
16) so that some of the immediate threats of gypsum mining and
collection is removed (22,30).
The off-road vehicle threat is most intense near populated areas
such as St. George (28), Pipe Springs/Moccasin, and Fredonia, AZ (22).
Trampling and habitat destruction by cattle is most severe in areas
of concentrated use such as near water and salt sources, and corrals.
There plants grow in shrub understory or along gully slopes where they
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
are protected from trampling (16). Disturbance of the habitat by
overgrazing or off-road vehicles causes erosion and compaction of
soil, and influences success of seeds being dispersed to suitable
habitats (14,16,23).
At most sites the extent of contiguous habitat is small, both
increasing the vulnerability of large populations to collection due to
their density, and of small populations due to the potential of
extirpation by removal of only a few plants (22).
Erosion and loss of plants on steep slopes, and damage to roots,
apical meristems, and fruits due to rabbits, rodents (i.e.,
predation), and insects (i.e., disease) has been noted (14,16,23).
Limiting factors for Pediocactus sileri include: specialized soil
type, cold winters, summer dormant period, and drying out periods (07,
08,17,22,23).
Since the species was listed, an additional mining threat has
surfaced on much of the Arizona Strip area. Much of the district has
been claimed by uranium companies. This could possibly pose a future
threat for the habitat of this species (22).
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Recovery Plan for the Siler
Pincushion Cactus. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New
Mexico. 57 pp.
The major serious threats to Pediocactus sileri are habitat
destruction (ORV use, mining and grazing) and collecting. Enforcement
of existing regulations is the highest priority to prevent the
extinction of this species. Planned actions include:
1) Preparation and implementation of a Habitat Management Plan
for Pediocactus sileri on BLM lands.
2) Controlling ORV's (limiting human access) through existing BLM
regulations.
3) Preparation of a Mineral Feasibility Report for BLM lands
within Pediocactus sileri range that will evaluate the
probability of minable deposits of gypsum, uranium and other
recoverable minerals on public lands and then evaluate the
risk involved for Pediocactus sileri.
4) Preparation of a grazing management plan for allotments which
will involve Section 7 consultation and should contain;
a) elimination of spring grazing,
b) complete elimination of grazing from known high density
cactus populations, and
c) banning of the high intensity/short duration Savory
grazing method.
5) Controlling collecting by enforcement of the Endangered
Species Act, CITES, the Lacey Act and Arizona State Law.
The Recovery Plan also recommends:
1) Studies on the ecology and population biology of Pediocactus
sileri including;
a) soil needs,
b) water needs,
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
c) the effect of small herbivores,
d) determining pollinators,
e) life history requirements, and
f) demographic trends, and the application of this
information to land and species management plans.
2) Searches for other populations within the known area and in
suitable habitat nearby.
3) Protection of known populations on private lands by enforcing
existing laws.
4) Implementation of a Habitat Management Plan and designation of
occupied and potential habitat as an Area of Critical
Environmental Concern by the BLM.
5) Documentation of collecting losses through permanent plots.
6) Develop propagation techniques to provide nursery stocks both
to reduce collecting and for possible reintroduction.
7) Develop public awareness, appreciation and support for the
preservation of Siler pincushion cactus.
Ongoing recovery activities include; development of a Habitat
Management Plan, a Mineral Feasibility Report and a monitoring
program.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Anonymous. 1931. Rare Utahia siler Engelmann. Cactus and
Succulent J. (US) 3:88-89.
02 Backeberg, C. 1976. Cactus lexicon. 3rd ed. Blanford Press,
Poole, Dorset, England.
03 Benson, L. 1961. A revision and amplification of Pediocactus I.
Cactus and Succulent J. (US) 33:49-54.
04 Benson, L. 1962. A revision and amplification of Pediocactus II
and III. Cactus and Succulent J. (US) 34:19; 57-60.
05 Benson, L. 1962. A revision and amplification of Pediocactus IV.
Cactus and Succulent J. (US) 34:163-168.
06 Benson, L. 1969. The cacti of Arizona. 3rd ed. The Univ. of AZ
Press, Tucson.
07 Benson, L. 1982. The cacti of of the United States and Canada.
Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA.
08 Brack, S. [n.d.]. Germination tips for Sclerocactus-Pediocactus-
Toumeya. Unpubl. manu.
09 Britton, N.L. and J.N. Rose. 1922. The Cactaceae. Carnegie
Inst. of Washington. Publ. No. 248; Vol. 3; p215.
10 Brown, D.E. and C.H. Lowe. 1977. Map, biotic communities of the
Southwest. Rocky Mtn. Forest and Range Exp. Sta., USDA/FS.
11 Coulter, J.M. 1896. Preliminary revision of the North American
species of Echinocactus, Cereus, and Opuntia. Contributions from
the U.S. National Herbarium 3:355-462.
12 Fletcher, R. 1979. Status report, Pediocactus sileri.
Unpublished report on file at: USDA/FS, Region 3.
13 Gierisch, R. 1979. Field reports on Pediocactus sileri.
Submitted to AZ Strip District, BLM.
14 Gierisch, R. 1980. Pediocactus sileri (Engelm.) L. Benson in
Arizona and Utah: observations and comments. Submitted to AZ Strip
District, BLM.
15 Gierisch, R. 1981. Observations and comments on Pediocactus
sileri in Arizona and Utah. Desert Plants 3:9-16.
16 Gierisch, R. 1980. A report on Pediocactus sileri (Engelm.) L.
Benson in Arizona and Utah. Prepared for AZ Strip District, BLM.
17 Heil, K., B. Armstrong, and D. Schleser. A review of the genus
Pediocactus. Cactus and Succulent J. (US) 53:17-39.
18 Kearney, T.H. and R.H. Peebles. 1960. Arizona flora, 2nd ed.
with supplement by J.T. Howell, E. McClintock and collaborators.
Univ. of CA Press, Berkeley.
19 Lindsay, G. 1941. Notes on Utahia sileri. Cactus and Succulent
J. (US) 13:83-86.
20 Newland, K.C. 1979a. Statement presented at Fish and Wildlife
Service hearings on the proposed Endangered cacti in Arizona,
Phoenix, AZ. July 11, 1979.
21 Newland, K.C. 1979. [Letter to A.M. Phillips, III]. Evaluation
of private and commercial collecting on five Arizona Endangered
cactus species, July 1979. Located at the Mus. of Northern AZ,
Flagstaff.
22 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Recovery Plan for the Siler
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, SILER
Species Id ESIS702018
Date 13 MAR 96
Pincushion Cactus. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque,
New Mexico. 57 pp.
23 Phillips, A.M., III, B.G. Phillips, L.T. Green, III, J. Mazzoni and
E.M. Peterson. Status report: Pediocactus sileri (Engelm.) L.
Benson. Prepared for the USFWS, Albuquerque, NM.
24 Schumann, K. 1902. Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen. P445.
25 Territories of New Mexico and Arizona. 1879. Map (scale 1:
1,500,000) prepared by the Office of the Chief of Engineers, USA.
26 USDA/SCS. Soil survey of Coconino County area, north Kaibab part.
Draft manus. located in SCS Office, Phoenix, AZ.
27 U.S. Government. 1979. Determination that Pediocactus sileri is
an endangered species. Federal Register 44:61786-61788.
28 Welsh, S.L. and K.H. Thorne. 1979. Illustrated manual of proposed
Endangered and Threatened plants of Utah. USDI/FWS, BLM and USDA/
FS.
29 Went, F. 1982. The physiology of cacti. In: The cacti of the
United States and Canada. Benson, L. Stanford Univ. Press,
Stanford, CA.
30 Whitlock. 1980. (Memorandum to J.L. Spinks, Chief, OES, USFWS,
Washington, DC). Subject: Determination that Pediocactus sileri is
an Endangered species.
31 Wright, Y. 1932. Utahia sileri in flower. Cactus and Succulent
J. (US) 4:213-214.
32 Jorgenson, W. June 3, 1985. Pers. comm. Soil Survey Party
Leader, SCS, St. George, UT.
33 Brack, S. 1985. Pers. comm.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Gierisch, R. 1981. Observations and comments on Pediocactus
sileri in Arizona and Utah. Desert Plants 3:9-16.
02 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Recovery Plan for the Siler
Pincushion Cactus. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque,
New Mexico. 57 pp.
03 U.S. Government. 1979. Determination that Pediocactus sileri is
an endangered species. Federal Register 44:61786-61788.
04 Welsh, S.L. and K.H. Thorne. 1979. Illustrated manual of proposed
Endangered and Threatened plants of Utah. USDI/FWS, BLM and USDA/
FS.
References - 2