(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - CACTUS, MESA VERDE
OTHER COMMON NAMES - CACTUS and MESA VERDE
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CARYOPHYLLALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CACTACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - SCLEROCACTUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - MESAE-VERDAE,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - SCLEROCACTUS MESAE-VERDAE
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Mesa Verde Cactus
Sclerocactus mesae-verdae (Boissevain ex Hill & Salisbury) L. Benson
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Caryophyllales FAMILY: Cactaceae
Sclerocactus mesae-verdae is a broadly ovid to depressed-
globose shaped cactus that reaches a height of 3-17 centemeters.
It is usally pale green or gray-green in color and has 13-17
prononunced ribs on which the tubercles are clearly coalescent. Each
tubercle is amrked with an areole which ranges from 3-5 mm in
diameter. Each areole is encircled by 8-10 radial spines which are
pale tannish color and reach a lenght of about 1.2 centemeters. The
flowers of Mesa Verde cactus are about 2.5-3.0 centemeters in
diameter. The sepaloid perianth parts have greenish-purple midribs
and yellow margins. The petaloid perianth parts are yellow to
greenish-yellow. The filaments are pale yellow. The ovary at
anthesis is about 3 milimeters long. With age it becomes tannish and
drys with maturity. When fully mature it is somewhat papery and
wrinkled. It is short-cylindroid in shape and reaches a length of
about 6 milimeters. It can be as much as 8 milimeters in diameter.
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
The seeds are dark brown to blackish and are approximately 2
milimeters in diameter. (01,02,03,11)
There are at present no disagreements as to the taxonomic
validity of Mesa Verde cactus. However, with additional studies of
the Sheep Springs population it may be necessary to designate a new
subspecific entity within this species (05,09). The members of this
population are noted for their overall short stature and diminutive
spine arrangement (05,09).
Since the discovery of Scelerocatus mesae-verdae in 1940 there has
been disagreement as to its proper nomenclature designation (05).
Boissevain originally named this taxon Coloradoa mesae-verdae (01,04).
To this day many cactus collectors still employ this name. In 1951,
Lyman Benson renamed this species, calling it Echinocactus
mesae-verdae (01,04). Subsequent to this in 1966 Benson transfered it
to the genus Scelerocatus, and designated it Scelerocatus mesae-verdae
(02). However, many catus experts do not agree with this treatment
and some such as Del Weniger still treat this species as Echinocactus
mesa-verdae (14).
The type specimen for Mesa Verde cactus was collected by
Boissevain in 1940 near the base of Mesa Verde. This specimen was
deposited in the Dudley Herbarium at Stanford University in
California. A search of the Dudley Herbarium in 1965 failed to
uncover the type specimen (05). No information is available as to
the current status of the type specimen. The New Mexico Department
of Natural Resources maintains slides, photos and drawings of this
species. All this material is available for public use (12).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
Commercial
Ornamental
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Mesa Verde cactus (Sclerocactus mesae-verdae) has been
designated a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884;
16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status
wherever found including the States of Colorado and New Mexico.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BIA -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Bureau of Indian Affairs
lands.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act - 16
U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: New Mexico
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: (NM) Department of Natural Resources
STATE STATUTE: Endangered Plant Species Program (NMSA 1978);
Navajo Nation - Navajo Tribal Code Title 17,
Subchapter 507 - Endangered Species.
STATE: Colorado
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Special Concern (Critically Imperilled)
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
Cites - I
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
Commercial and ornamental value. Since its discovery in 1940
this species has been a favorite for cactus enthusiasts (05,07,08).
Even today the populations are ravaged by hobby collectors and by
commercial collectors who can make large profits by selling plants
from natural populations (05,07,08).
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27824 - Notice of review
76/06/16:41 FR 24523/24572 - Proposed rule
79/10/30:44 FR 62471/72474 - Final rule - listed as Threatened
85/11/29:50 FR 49134/49135 - Emergency closure of public lands
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Bare Exposed Rock
Mixed Barren Land
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Mesa Verde cactus is at present known from only one habitat
type (07,09). Specifically, it requires a substrate of highly eroded
clay derived from shales and mudstone of marine origin (05,07,09).
This species normally prefers low rolling hills composed of this
material. It is most often associated with Atriplex nuttallii,
Atriplex corrugata, Abronia elliptica, and a variety of annual herbs
(05,07,09,10,12). The typical habitat is characterized by little or
no ground cover, compossed of a substrate of cracked, and often
floculated alkali clay (09). Some segments of the prefered habitat
contain large amounts of detrital shale fragments and selenite
(Gypsum) crystals mixed into the soil. In essence, the habitat
affords a marginal existence for most of the species it supports (05,
09). As such, it is highly sensitive to disturbance or modification.
Once the surface crust is broken it may take years for plant species
to recolonize (09). Although the habitat is quite austere, there are
rather large variations from year to year in the composition of the
ephermal flora. During those years when the area receives good late
winter and early spring moisture, a profusion of annual plant species
cover barren clay hills. However, by July the austerity of the summer
heat and dryness have altered the hills back into their normal "lunar"
appearence (09).
In general this species' habitat can be defined within the
following parameters. It is a resident of the Colorado Plateau in the
floristic provence defined as the Navajoan Desert (17). It is
restricted to the Mancos and Fruitland shale formations, where its
occurrence is sporadic and ill defined (07,09). It occurs in an
elevational range of 1600-2000 meters, usually found on the tops, and
the benches of the slopes of rolling clay hills (07,08,09). It rarely
occurs on the ground between these hills as the erosion is so great it
is likely to cover the plants with alluvial material (07,08,09). It
receives an annual rainfall varying from 8-20 cm, and seems to have
very little to no soil development. It does not display a defined
"A" level and lacks any other diferentiated soil horizon zones (09).
It in essence thrives on a loosely consolidated aggregate of detrital
clay and shale material which has been deposited by the constant
erosional state characteristic of the area (05,09).
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
Succulent (03).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (03,04). The plant is a long lived perennial, with a
low reproductive potential. It produces large seeds that are
difficult to germinate, and requires several years of the proper
growth conditions for germination to occur (05). Indications from
greenhouse grown plants is that this species may live longer than 20
years (05). Once the seeds are set thay may lie dormant in the soil
for many years until the right set of conditions trigger germination
(05,09). It appears that for the seed to reach their proper depth in
the soil, they require a dry summer following a wet spring. The wet
spring allows a good set, the dry summer results in cracking of the
soil allowing the released seeds to penetrate deep into the soil (09).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual (05,09). This flowering species has not demonstrated any
indication of propagation by budding (09). It does not produce
detachable joints like many other cacti, nor is it rhizomatus (03.09).
It has a set flowering time and produces viable seeds. There is no
indication of apomictic seed set or parthenogenic production of fruit
(03,05,09).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
The germination period for Sclerocactus masae-verdae is unknown
for natural populations. Budding occurs from early to late April.
Anthesis begins in late April to mid-May. Fruiting dates are from
late May through June. Seed dispersal occurs from mid- to late-June
(03,05,08,09).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoclinous (11). This species is bisexual having both male and
female parts in the same flower (11). There are indications that it
is an outcrosser, but firm data has yet to be established to
substantiate this point (05,09).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
The only known pollinator for the Mesa Verde cactus is believed
to be a metallic green sweat bee belonging to the family Halictidae
(07,10). All bees are sensitive to pesticides and many vanish in
their presence. At present large scale agricultual sites are being
developed near many of the Mesa Verde cactus population sites. These
may have an adverse effect on the bees in the area if pesticides
(i.e. insecticides and herbicides) are used in the operations (09).
SEED BIOLOGY:
On an average rainfall year in the San Juan Basin, Mesa Verde
cactus sets 4-6 fruits. In a drought year this may drop to 0-2
fruits, and in a very wet year this number may increase to 7-10
fruits. Each fruit contains an average of 15 seeds. Thus, the
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
seed production can vary from 0-150 in number depending upon the
year (05,09). The seeds appear to be highly viable (05). However,
there are two major germination restrictions that must be met
before germination can occur. The first is a mechanical barrier in
the form of an intensely hard seed wall. The wall must be slightly
scarified and soaked for long periods of time before germination can
occur (05). The second mechanism controlling germination is
biochemical. The seeds must go through repeated periods of freezing
and thaw, and then must encounter the proper moisture conditions and
ambient temperature that occurs in the San Juan Basin in April in a
wet year (05).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
This species is limited to xeric soils of clay and shale
composition (05,07,09). It occurs in diffuse population complexes
composed of widely scattered loci of individuals and clustered plants
(05,09). It is not uncommon to walk a quarter of a mile between
individual plants (05,09). The usual situation encountered is a
grouping of 3-50 plants scattered over several hectares forming a
population center and connected to the next population center in the
complex by a web of individual plants spread several hundred yards
apart (09). At present no data is available to account for this
population structure. There seems to be an overall decline in the
New Mexico populations (09). This is a result of the factors
discussed under the "N-REASON" field of this report. The Colorado
populations have been stable to this point, but large scale oil and
gas development is underway in that area (09). The overall recovery
potential for this species is not good. It is a slow growing, slow
germinating taxa, susceptible to many natural pests and intolerant
of man's development activities (05,07,09).
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
The Mesa Verde cactus grows on xeric clay soils derived from
shales of marine formations. It is known to exist on materials
derived from the Mancos and Fruitland shales (both of which are from
the Cretaceous period). The material on which this species grows can
barely be defined as soil. It is more an aggregate of clay sized
particles derived from detrital breakdown of the parent formation.
It is deposited primarly by coluvial mechanism (15). There is no soil
horizon development. The material is highly alkaline and large pieces
of gypsum are evident on the surface outwash (09). Mesa Verde cactus
seems to prefer the shoulders of the low rolling hills and ridges of
this clay material (05,07,09). It is rarely in the lowlands as the
erosion rate is so high from this unconsolidated material that the
plants would be buried in the lowland wash zones (09). There does not
seem to be any aspect of preference, nor any other pronounced edaphic
factors that control its distribution (09).
TROPHIC STATUS:
This species is phototrophic utilizing the light of the sun
picked up through chlorophyll in its stem material and converted to
sugar for use in the plant (03). There is no indication of
saprophytic, symbiotic, or parasitic habit in this taxon (09).
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
This species is always a component (not a dominant or
subdominant) within the surrounding vegetation community
(07,09,10,13). There is no indication that it has a major influence
upon the environmental conditions within the vegetation type (09).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
The associated plant community is predominated by the following
species: Atriplex corrugata, Atriplex nuttallii, Abronia ellptica,
Oenothera caespitosa navajoensis, Opuntia polyacantha, Hilaria
jamesii, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Phacelia splendens, Streptanthella
longirostris, Cleome lutea, Gilla subnuda and Sporobolus cryptandrus.
There is very little succession in this habitat type. Severe
disturbance often results in a bare clay soil (07,08,09). The
Potential Natural Vegetation Map of New Mexico characterizes Mesa
Verde habitat as Mixed Saltbush-Ricegrass Association. It states that
the areas are characterized by little or no ground cover, and is an
aggregate of distinct communities which do not comply to the true
association concept (16).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Mesa Verde cactus serves as the host to the larval stage of a
moth which parasitizes the plant. To date (9/85) the moth has not
been identified (05,07,09). This moth also affects other species of
Sclerocactus in the area. Infestations can often be severe, and
result in the death of large segements of the cactus population
(05,09).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
The other life history sections have adequately covered the bulk
of the materials pertinant to this species.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Regulating commercial harvest levels
Adverse Disease
Existing Disease
Adverse Collecting
Existing Collecting
Adverse Commercial Exploitation
Existing Commercial Exploitation
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse Parasites
Existing Parasites
Adverse Gas/Oil Development
Existing Gas/Oil Development
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Since its discovery in 1940 this species has been a favorite
for cactus enthusiasts (05,07,08). Even today the populations are
ravaged by hobby collectors and by commercial collectors who can make
large profits by selling plants from natural populations (05,07,08).
Some portions of the population complex near the New Mexico-Colorado
border have been nearly wiped out by such illegal collection (05,08).
The past, present and future threat of illegal taking is probably the
most pernicious and persistent that this species faces.
With the energy shortages of the 1970's, a massive energy
exploration and development program was undertaken in the San Juan
Basin of New Mexico. The entire basin is riddled with drill holes
access roads and strip mines. Additional coal leasing in the area
suggests that this activity will increase rather than diminish (09).
Unfortunately, the majority of the coal bearing seams and gas deposits
in the western portion of the Basin are overlain on the surface by
the clays and shales to which this species is endemic. A constant
conflict exists between energy development and Mesa Verde cactus
(07,09).
In addition to the human impacts on this species it is also beset
by a variety of insect predators whose larvel stages inflict heavy
damage upon the cactus, often resulting in death. If the cactus
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
survive the initial insect infestation, they are often then beset
with fungal infectations which usually prove fatal. It is not
uncommon for an entire segment of a population complex to disappear
from natural causes (05).
All of the threats mentioned above are likely to continue into
the future. However, with the enactment of legislation and the
education of the energy development community, the threats from this
quarter have been steadily reduced (09). There is also a present and
future threat of habitat destruction by ORV use on the population
sites (05,09). The habitat affords a marginal existence for most of
the species it supports (05,09). As such, it is highly sensitive to
disturbance or modification. Once the surface crust is broken it may
take years for plant species to recolonize (09).
A future threat to this species may be developing with
the installation of large scale agriculture in the San Juan River
Valley. The valley bisects the center of the range of this species.
The large scale agricultural projects that are developing in that area
are likely to employ insecticides to control pest problems. The
primary pollination of Mesa Verde cactus is a small metallic colored
bee. Bees are usually sensitive to herbicide, and such spraying may
drastically reduce the bee population and thereby deprive Mesa Verde
cactus of its pollinator (09).
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Mesa Verde Cactus Recovery
Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM. 63 pp.
The Primary objectives of the recovery plan are (1) secure the
five known populations from present and future human threats, and (2)
ensuring that Mesa Verde cacti are maintained as vigorous,
self-sustaining populations throughout their natural habitat.
Enforcement of existing BLM ORV (Off-Road Vehicle) regulations,
habitat protection as required by the Endangered Species Act (ESA),
and trade restrictions under ESA, CITES, and the Lacey Act is needed
to limit habitat damage and loss and to decrease the impact of
collecting (both commercial and private).
Mesa Verde cactus habitat is under considerable pressure due to
the development of energy resources in the Four Corners area. All
potential habitat in the coal bearing Fruitland Formation should be
surveyed to determine actual and potential impacts. Particular
importance should be placed on lands where Federal involvement will
require implementation of Section 7 of the ESA. Progress on the
planned Star Lake and Navajo Railroads should be monitored, as should
all oil and gas exploration within Mesa Verde cacti range, and
impacts minimized. Commercial (Four Corners Monument), residential
(Shiprock, NM), and agricultural (Ute Mountain Reservation) expansions
should be monitored and developed areas surveyed for Mesa Verde cacti
before development begins. Impacts of collecting appear to be
impacting some populations; the plan calls for quantification of that
impact and development of a commercial artifical propagation program
to decrease collecting pressure. Surveys for other populations
should be conducted in potential habitat in Arizona, Utah, and areas
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
between the disjunct population at Sheep Springs, NM and the
principle known range. Ecological studies of Mesa Verda cacti,
particulary mechanisms of pollination and seed dispersal, seed
dormancy, seed germination rates, microhabitat requirements, and non-
human mortality factors need to be undertaken. Finally, the
development of public appreciation and support for the preservation of
the Mesa Verda cactus is needed.
Current recovery activities include establishment of monitoring
plots and surveying and mapping of populations.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Benson, L. 1951. The Mesa Verde cactus. Leafl. West. Bot.
6:163
02 Benson, L. 1940. A revision of Sclerocactus. Cactus and
Succulent. Vol. 38. No. 2
03 Benson, L. 1982. The Cati of the United States and Canada.
Stanford University Press. Stanford, Calif. 1044 pp.
04 Boissevain, C. and C. Davidson. 1940. Colorado Cacti. Abbey
Garden Press. Pasadena, Calif. 55 pp.
05 Brack, S. 1985. Pers. comm. Mesa Gardens Inc. Belen, New
Mexico.
06 Fletcher, R., B. Issacs, and P. Knight, et al. 1983. A handbook
of rare and endemic plants of New Mexico. 291 pp.
07 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Mesa Verde Cactus Recovery
Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Ser. Albuquerque, NM. 63 pp.
08 Heil, K.D. 1984. Pers. comm. San Juan Community College,
Farmington, New Mexico.
09 Knight, P.J. 1985. Pers. comm. Star Route, Box 929, Corrales,
New Mexico.
10 Knight, P.J. 1981. Rare, threatened, endangered and other plants
of concern in the BLM Chaco-San Juan planning area of northwest
New Mexico. New Mexico Depart. of Nat. Res., Santa Fe, NM.
11 Martin, W.C. and C.R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico.
J. Cramer Hirschberb, Germany. xiii+2591 pp.
12 New Mexico National Resources Information System. 1985.
New Mexico Dept. of Nat. Res., Santa Fe, NM.
13 Wagner W. and D. Sabo 1977. A study of threatened and endangered
plant species in New Mexico. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Albuquerque, NM.
14 Wienger, B. 1984. The Cacti of Texas and adjacent states.
Univ. of Texas Press, Austin. 356 pp.
15 Fassett, J.E. 1977. Geologic guidebook of the San Juan Basin III,
Univ. of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 307 pp.
16 New Mexico Interagency Range Committee. 1978. A potential
vegetation map of New Mexico.
17 Smith, C.T. ed. 1970. Guidebook to the Four Corners Colorado
Plateau Central Rocky Mountain Region. National Association of
Geology Teachers, Southwest Section. Cedar Cities, Utah. 183 pp.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Benson, L. 1982. The Cati of the United States and Canada.
Stanford University Press. Stanford, California. 1044 pp.
02 Boissevain, C. and C. Davidson. 1940. Colorado Cacti. Abbey
Garden Press. Pasadena, California. 55 pp.
03 Fletcher, R., B. Issacs, and P. Knight, et al. 1983. A handbook
of rare and endemic plants of New Mexico. 291 pp.
04 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Mesa Verde Cactus Recovery
Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Albuquerque, New Mexico.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, MESA VERDE
Species Id ESIS702019
Date 13 MAR 96
63 pp.
05 Knight, P.J. 1985. Pers. comm. Star Route, Box 929, Corrales,
New Mexico.
06 Martin, W.C. and C.R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico.
J. Cramer Hirschberb, Germany. xiii+2591 pp.
07 New Mexico National Resources Information System. 1985.
New Mexico Department of Natural Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
References - 2