(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
OTHER COMMON NAMES - GLOBE-BERRY and TUMAMOC
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - VIOLALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CUCURBITACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - TUMAMOCA,
SPECIES AND SSP - MACDOUGALII,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - TUMAMOCA MACDOUGALII
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Tumamoc Globe-berry
Tumamoca macdougalii Rose
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Violales FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae
Tumamoc globe-berry (Tumamoca macdougalii Rose) is a delicate
vine; slender stems annual (bases of the largest ones become woody
and perennial), arising from a cluster of shallow tuberous roots,
tubers spread irregularly downward or horizontally from the plant's
central axis, tubers connected by fragile slender connecting roots;
stems and leaves glabrous. Seedling and juvenile plants possess
triangular or pentagonal-shaped bright green leaves. Leaves of adult
plants are pedately parted into three lobes, these spreading and
secondarily lobed, the tips mucronate or rounded, highly variable in
width of leaf (20-90 mm) and width of lobes (2-10 mm), thin and
bright green when in dense shade to dark green, thickened, and
leathery in full sun. Leaves of juvenile plants pentagonal in
outline, with the medial (distal) division much larger than the
others, bright green, 5-20 mm across, pointed. Flowers monoecious;
male flowers borne on 20-150 mm long racemes in clusters of 2-6, the
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
perianth lobes narrowly lanceolate, to 5 mm long, pale
greenish-yellow, stamens 3, borne on the tube about one-fourth the
distance below the mouth, 2 of the anthers 2-celled, the third
1-celled; female flowers similar, but are solitary and borne on
pedicels from 4-25 mm long which originate in the leaf axils, calyx
with very slender tube and 5 small sepals, corolla paleyellow with
narrow, elongated lobes, petals 8-12 mm long. Fruits are succulent,
spherical to ovoid, pale green when immature with darker green
vertical stripes, becoming yellow, orange, and finally bright red at
maturity, 8-10 mm in diameter, average 0.5 g (.01-1.84 g). Seeds
average 2.9 (0-10) per fruit, average 22 mg, 5-8 mm long, 4-7 mm wide,
2-3 mm thick, pear-shaped (obovoid), truncate at apex, rough or
tuberculate, not marginate, and dark gray to black (03,08,10,11,15,16,
17).
Tumamoca is a monotypic genus of the Cucurbitaceae family (04,
13). The Tumamoc globe-berry was first collected by
David T. Macdougal on July 31, 1908, on Tumamoc Hill west of Tucson,
Arizona, where the Carnegie Institute Desert Laboratory was located.
The specimen was sent to John N. Rose at the U.S. National Herbarium,
who described the new genus and species in honor of the type locality
and of the collector (04,15,17). The type specimen is housed at the
U.S. National Herbarium in Washington, D.C. (#591589, 15).
Tumamoca macdougalii has often been confused with Ibervillea
sonorae (S. Watson) E.L. Greene, a similar plant in a related genus.
Rose (15) discusses the similarities and differences between the two
genera. He makes reference to the flower differences (monoecious vs.
dioecious), variation in seed size, shape and markings, and to the
habit of Tumamoca forming a "cluster of tuberous roots instead of a
single globular root" as does Ibervillea. Anthers of Tumamoca are
borne on the slender corolla tube well below its opening while those
of Ibervillea are borne at the tube opening (02,10). Reichenbacher
and Felger (12) state that the Tumamoca seeds are larger than those
of Ibervillea and are easily separated from the surrounding bright
red juicy matrix. Clay May (02), a Tucson botanist and chemist,
extracted flavonoids from T. macdougalii, I. sonorae var. sonorae,
and I. tenuisecta (A. Gray) D.K. Small. Ibervillea sonorae is the
geographically closest relative of T. macdougalii and I. sonorae var.
sonorae is the only sympatric close relative. May (02) concluded
that Tumamoca was less closely related to the Ibervillea taxa than the
latter were to each other, thus supporting the generic distinction.
Summer monsoon showers in the Sonoran Desert of greater than
one-half inch produce dramatic morphological changes in the above
ground growth of T. macdougalii. The slender, leathery leaves
produced during the early summer drought (termed "drought leaves)
expand to more than twice their previous size (07). After substantial
summer rains flower racemes produce 15-17 male flowers as long as
soil moisture is adequate. During times of drought the average is
3-6 per raceme.
Mills (03) found tuber shape and orientation to be influenced by
soil conditions. He reports that "in loose sandy loams, where most
tubers were found, tubers grew more or less perpendicularly. Those
tubers that were sharply angled or nearly horizontal seemed to be in
heavier clay soil. Potato-like tubers, those that ended bluntly, were
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
present more often where soil below the tuber changed abruptly to
heavy clay." Some larger tubers were found growing around the roots
or trunks of cacti or trees.
Taxonomy - 3 (DRAFT) - Status
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Non-consumptive recreational
Ornamental
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Tumamoc globe-berry (Tumamoca macdougalii) has been
designated as Threatened pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of
1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
State of Arizona and Sonora, Mexico.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BIA -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Bureau of Indian Affairs
lands.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
DOD -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
public land under their control. Also responsible for
management/recovery on Department of Defense lands.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act - 16
U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Arizona
DESIGNATED STATUS: Protected
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: AZ Comm. of Agriculture & Horticulture
STATE STATUTE: Ariz. Rev. Stat. Chapt. 7, Sec. 3-901B.
STATE: Sonora, Mexico
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Under evaluation presently.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
This plant is under evaluation to determine its status in Sonora,
Mexico.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species may be of value for some of its yet undetermined
phyto-chemical products and it has ultural value as a component of
Arizona's natural heritage of biotic diversity. It is a succulent and
may be a target of collectors.
80/12/15:45 FR 82480/82481 - Notice of continued review
85/05/20:50 FR 20806/20810 - Proposed rule
85/09/27:50 FR 39526/39527 - Notice of review
86/04/29:51 FR 08681/08683 - Final rule, Endangered
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Residential
Commercial and Services
Transportation, communications, and Util
Mixed Urban or Built-up Land
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The range of Tumamoca macdougalii covers some 31,000 square
miles of Sonoran Desert from just southeast of Guaymas, Sonora,
Mexico, to Tucson, Arizona, west to Organ Pipe Cactus National
Monument (12) and north to Pinal County, Arizona. Until recently
the species was only known in the United States from Pima County,
Arizona (17), but one population has been discovered just north of
Pima County in Pinal County. T. macdougalii is not uniformly or
randomly distributed throughout the available habitat (08). Instead,
the distribution is highly contagious (=clumped), consisting of
discrete isolated populations of one to several hundred plants which
cover areas of less than one acre to about 400 acres (12).
The species is capable of occupying a wide range of habitats from
halophytic coastal scrub communities on clayey saline hardpans only a
few hundred feed from the Gulf of California shoreline to rocky loamy
soils derived from weathered granite at nearly 3000 ft. elevation in
south central Arizona (11). Southeast of Guaymas, it occurs in a
halophytic coastal scrub community on extremely salty hardpans; at
Kino Bay it occurs in coastal scrub on salty sand of old barrier
dunes; in Tucson it is found on hot dry, south-facing slopes of
basalt. The largest population known is found in creosotebush
desertscrub on gravelly loams primarily derived from weathered
granites (08).
The Federal Register (04) describes the habitat of T. macdougalii
as palo-verde/cholla cactus scrub and creosotebush bursage/bursage
desertscrub. Dominant associated species include creosote bush
(Larrea divaricata), foothills and blue paloverde (Cercidium
microphyllum & C. floridum), whitethorn acacia (Acacia constricta),
saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea), prickly pear (Opuntia phaeacantha),
cane cholla (Opuntia versicolor), mesquite (Prosopis juliflora),
ironweed (Olneya tesota), and triangleleaf bursage (Ambrosia
deltoidea).
In Sonoran Desertscrub, Arizona Upland Subdivision, Paloverde-
Mixed Cacti Associations at elevations of 450-795 meters
(1476-2608 ft) it is found on well-drained coarse soils dominated by
foothills paloverde, triangleleaf bursage, ironwood, buckhorn cholla
(Opuntia acanthocarpa), chainfruit cholla (O. fulgida), prickly pear,
barrel cactus, saguaro, creosotebush, range ratany (Krameria
parviflora), whitehorn acacia, and ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens)
(11). Soils range from rocky to gravelly, sandy silty, and clayey,
and may be derived from granite, basalt, and rhyolite.
T. macdougalii has been reported from desert riparian communities
on poorly drained, finely textured soils at lower elevations in the
Lower Colorado Valley Subdivision (11) Creosotebush-bursage
Associations with creosotebush, triangleleaf bursage, mesquite, and
white bursage (Ambrosia dumosa). In some cases wash habitats can be
quite mesic and it has been found in association with a host of
introduced and native weedy forbs and grasses.
Habitat Associations - 1 Many botanists are under the impression that T. macdougalii is
commonest along washes. Although in some areas it is frequent along
washes it is unclear if this is due to the greater availablility of
microhabitat, simply because there are more potentially sheltering
trees and shrubs along washes, or if the plants actually derive any
benefit from occasional flows in the channel. The type population
and several others are on the lower slopes of hills and are not
related in any way to drainageway channels.
T. macdougalii is also known from Sonoran Desertscrub, Central
Gulf Coast and Plains of Sonora Subdivisions (12). In the Guaymas
region vegetation is dominated by mixed lowland (mainly non-halophytic
trees, shrubs, and cacti) and coastal (maily halophytic shrubs)
desertscrub. Typical halophytes include Suaeda moquinii, Maytenus
phyllanthoides, and Frankenia palmeri.
On the Tohono O'Odham Nation in Pima County, Arizona,
T. macdougalii is found in communities dominated by allscale (Atriplex
polycarpa) usually associated with mesquite and other common Sonoran
Desert species in valley bottoms (07,11). It is believed that the
plants are widely scattered but ubiquitous throughout the allscale
plant communities on the reservation (09). Types of vegetation on the
Tohono O'Odham Nation that T. macdougalii has been found in are
Mesquite-Allscale-burrowseed association (09).
Thirteen plants of T. macdougalii found northwest of Kaka on the
Tohono O'Odham Nation were located immediately below bedrock outcrops
at the base of a hill in limestone soils. This Pinal County location
is the only population found on limestone soils (09). Vegetation was
dominated by a foothills paloverde-triangleleaf bursage-creosotebush
association.
Popualtions in Avra Valley and the Tucson basin are between
2000 and 2680 feet elevation. Thirteen populations are found on the
lower slope of small mountains and hills, but none occur on the
bedrock-dominated mountain slopes. No populations have been found in
the floodplains of any major drainagewasy such as the Rillito River,
Brawley, Wash, or the Santa Cruz River, although many populations are
adjacent to or within the floodplains of minor washes (11).
The parameters of its preferred habitat are poorly known. There
are no obvious environmental features limiting its distribution
except that it is limited to lower elevations because of frost
susceptibility, and its southern and western range limits are
probably related to increased competition in the less arid Sonoran
thornscrub vegetation, while its western and northern range limits
are probably due to decreasing summer precipitation and lower winter
minimum temperatures, respectively. In the Tucson-Avra Valley area,
which is at the species' northern and eastern limits, although it
occurs in a number of different habitats it is restricted to isolated
discrete populations whose boundaries do not coincide with habitat
boundaries (07,11). Populations thoughout the range are separated by
considerable expanses of apparently suitable, but unoccupied habitat
with individuals clumped within populations. Estimating the abundance
of the species by searching small areas and extrapolating to the
entire range is impossible without an extremely large sample size.
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
The Tumamoc globe-berry is a liana/vine (08,11,15).
LIFE CYCLE:
Tendrils and dwarfed spare lea ves begin to emerge from the
subsurface tubers of 5-20 percent of the perennial plants in a
population by late April or early May. A few scattered leathery,
much reduced leaves, several racemes of male flower buds, and, on
monoecious plants, a few female flower buds are produced. Although
stems may elongate to 3 meters or more, growth remains very sparse
though May and most of June. Only a fraction of the buds produced
actually reach anthesis and very few fruits survive to maturity (08).
New shoots emerge from the subsurface tubers, elongate while climbing
through the nurse plant, and attain lengths of up to 7 meters prior
to the onset of summer rains (a little less than half of the total
seasonal growth) (07). Growth on the remaining plants usually does
not occur at all until the first heavy summer rainfall of 0.5-1.0
inches sometime in July; then growth is explosive (07). Following a
heavy summer rain growth can begin in just a few hours. Stems,
leaves, and flower buds already in place develop to their fullest
potential and reproduction begins within two to five days after.
Some plants apparently lapse into periods of dormancy for no
apparent reason and may not develop stems and leaves for more than
one growing season at a time. After summer rains abate the plants
revert to the conservative mode of producing only drought leaves.
Resources are increasingly channeled into fruit maturation and away
from vegetative growth. A few flowers are sporadically produced
during this period, usually from late August through November.
Juvenile plants usually possess a single herbaceous (i.e., green)
stem, and adults have at least one and sometimes several white to
light gray woody stems (13). Each node along the stem produces one
tendril, one leaf, one male flower raceme, and one female flower bud
(07). Flowering begins before the summer rains, though female buds
are not produced or are quickly aborted (04).
The length of the longest stem is strongly and positively
correlated with tuber weight. This suggests that accurate predictions
about tuber weight can be made simply by measuring the lengths of the
longest stems (13).
The plants begin retreating to the subsurface tubers again by
mid-fall, usually mid- to late October. Growth is sporadic after that
(08). Cessation of growth depends on rainfall and the date of the
first hard frost. By mid- to late December frosts have usually
destroyed all of the green stems and foliage. Larger adults retain
a few feet of woody stem, but otherwise all of the aboveground parts
of the plant wilt and gradually disintegrate (12). Plants overwinter,
dormant in their underground tubers.
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual (15). Experiments on the pollination ecology of
T. macdougalii indicate that its pollen is self-compatible. Fruits
are, however, not produced without pollination. Fruit set is highest
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
with cross-pollination, and, at least one site, lowest when flowers
are left to natural pollination (02,10). This indicates the species
has difficulty attracting and utilizing pollinators and may explain
how populations are able to maintain monoecious, all female, and all
male plants.
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Germination: Germination commences within a few days after the
first summer rainfall of over 0.5 to 1.0 inches. This may occur any
time from late June to early September. The seedlings of any given
growing season are produced from the fruits of previous years. It is
not known how long the seeds may survive in the soil. Seedlings have
a very low survival rate. The number of plants in each increasing
size class decreases dramatically, presumably plant size is related
to age.
Leafing: Slender stems, tendrils, and dwarfed spare leaves begin
to emerge from the subsurface tubers of 5-20 percent of the plants in
a population by late April or early May (08). Although stems may
elongate to 3 meters or more the growth remains very slender through
May and most of June. Within 48 hours of the first heavy rains the
size of the leaves more than triples (08).
Budding: Male flower buds are produced before the summer rains
in May and June, but only a few reach anthesis (08). About one-tenth
the number of female flowers are produced. Clay May reports that not
all adult plants flower every year. During periodic droughts the
plant selectively aborts reproductive and vegetation components. The
first components aborted are female flower buds, followed by male
buds, fruits, leaves, branch tips, and finally whole branches (07).
Anthesis: Anthesis occurs from late July through the rainy
season which usually ends sometime in late August or early September.
Flower production declines rapidly after the rains subside. Male
flower buds persist, but few reach anthesis.
Fruiting: Fruit production begins with one or a few fruits early
in the summer, though most of these never mature. Most fruit
production occurs in one burst of flowering triggered by the first
heavy summer rain. This can occur at any time from late June through
August (08,13). Fruits mature in four to five weeks (07).
Seed/Fruit Dispersal: Fruit maturation usually does not begin
until late August and continues through September. Most fruits ripen
and then disintegrate on the vine. Some mature fruits fall to the
ground and are taken by ants. So far there are no recorded instances
of wildlife taking the fruits in the wild (08,09,10). The vast
majority of seeds simply fall to the ground immediately below the
maternal parent and are incorporated into the litter.
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Tumamoc globe-berry was originally reported to be monoecious by
J.N. Rose (15), but it is now known to be facultatively dioecious
(02,07,10,11,13) and self-compatible, while expressing towards
androecy (07). The ration of male to female functions in the species
is undoubtedly linked to the favorability of the precipitation regime
(11). Female flower production is significantly negatively correlated
with both tuber weight and length of longest stem. Plants may be
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
predominantly female when small and then become increasingly more male
as they age. This contradicts the findings of Clay May (02) who found
that the smallest plants were the most male (13).
It is thought that part of the plants adaptations to its
unpredictably arid environment probably includes selective flower and
fruit abortion. This ability helps the plant reduce moisture losses
in times of drought (13).
Pollination studies indicate significant inbreeding depression in
self-pollinated flowers (11). Although no data have yet been
obtained, it is possible that some genetic differentiation has
occurred between populations due to the frequency of inbreeding (11).
The pollinator(s) have not been identified yet and the data on
pollen viability, effects of self-fertilization, and many other
features are preliminary at this time (11). The pollinator(s) are
believed to be one or more moth species. Pollination studies
conducted so far indicate significant inbreeding depression in
self-pollinated flowers (10). Pollinator availability appears to be
very limited causing a significantly reduced fruit set in natural
populations.
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Pollination studies indicate significant inbreeding depression
in self-pollinated flowers (11). The pollinator(s) have not been
identified yet, but are thought to include at least one and possibly
several species of small moth. Pollination studies indicate that
pollinator availability is very limited and is partially responsible
for a very low rate of fruit set in natural populations.
Fruits are large and juicy. The colors change from green to
yellow to bright red and seeds are relatively large and thick-shelled.
These features strongly suggest that the species depends on birds for
seed dissemination, yet so far there are no recorded observations of
any wildlife species utilizing the fruits in the wild (12). Ants
occasionally collect the fruits, but probably not frequently and the
resultant dispersal would be limited. The highly contagious
(=clumped) distribution suggests very strongly that seeds are
inefficiently dispersed (07,08). Some obscure environmental
parameter may be responsible, but this seems unlikely.
It has been suggested that the original disperser was a bird
species which is now, at least locally extinct, and that this is
responsible for the contagious distribution (07). The fruit seems
best suited for dispersal by a bird. In such a case the fruit would
be swallowed whole and seeds dispersed through digestion. The juicy
inner matrix is what would attract the disperser (12). The fruit
wall is easily digested. In contrast Ibervillea fruits are too large
to be swallowed whole and the tough rind is probably inedible. In
the latter case the fruits are mostly eaten by birds with long thin
bills (such as thrashers) by poking a hole in the rind and cleaning
out the interior of the fruit (12).
It is believed that nurse plants provide support for the
delicate vine and provide a means of displaying mature fruits to
potential seed dispersers (11). Seeds are thick-shelled and are
believed to be able to survive in the soil for several years (08).
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
SEED BIOLOGY:
Seeds average 2.9 (0-10) per fruit and 22 mg in weight. Seeds
are 5-8 mm long, 4-7 mm wide, 2-3 mm thick, pear-shaped (obovoid),
truncate at the apex, rough or tuberculate, not marginate, and dark
gray to black (03,08,10,11,15,16,17). Seeds generally overwinter in
the soil and germinate after the following year's heavy summer rains
(08). May (03) has found a very high seed and seedling mortality
rate. In natural populations approximately 605 seeds are required to
produce a single adult plant. Germination rates of 50-90 percent have
been obtained with and without seed scarification. Tumamoca is
considered relatively easy to propagate under greenhouse conditions
(11).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Tumamoca macdougalii is believed to be a relatively long-lived
species. A preliminary life table developed by May (02). Using data
from several Tucson area populations indicates that only 1 in 20 seeds
germinates and of the resulting seedlings 1 in 22 survives to
adulthood. A conservative age estimate based on the number of nodes
on the woody portions of stems indicates that the largest adults may
be 25 years old. The plants are likely to be much older than that
because stem clipping is extremely common and very old plants may,
therefore, have stems appearing to be relatively young. Because seed
dispersal is limited, 76 percent of seedlings were found beneath the
canopies of large adults, presumably their maternal parents.
In the past four years some populations have perceptibly declined
in numbers while others, only a few miles away, have increased
significantly. The Sabino Canyon population numbered 41 plants when
first studied in 1984 (07). In 1985 the population lost several
plants, but gained others with a net increase of one plant (08). This
is despite the fact that photographs taken both years indicate that
summer precipitation in 1985 was well below that of 1984. The Central
Arizona Project (CAP) population was first documented to include 468
plants in 1984 (07), by 1985 the population had grown to at least, if
not many more than, 736 individuals, and by 1986 it increased to 813
plants. A population a few miles north of the CAP population was
comprised of 152 individuals in 1984 (07), but by 1986 although the
site was not comprehensively resurveyed, microsites formerly
supporting several dozen plants were completely devoid. This
population seems to have dropped drastically in numbers. The
difficulties of relocating plants once discovered, of distinguishing
them from neighbors only a few milimeters away, and of accounting for
dormant plants makes it nearly impossible to construct accurate life
tables.
The main factors affecting survival are known: 1) intensity and
seasonal distribution of summer precipitation; 2) intensity, duration,
and seasonal distribution of droughts; 3) date and intensity of first
hard frost; 4) local predation pressure, varying from minor stem
clipping to partial or complete excavation; and 5) anthropogenic
habitat alteration.
The recoverability of the species is limited. Some progress can
and is being made towards preservation of known populations,
particularly in the Tucson area. Much of the urban and agricultural
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
growth impacting the species in this region is beyond the control of
the Endangered Species Act and cannot be controlled through any state
or local regulatory mechanisms. Although the Bureau of Reclamation is
installing javelina proof fencing around four of the largest
populations, it is unlikely that any additional progress will ever be
made towards control of animal predation. The factor which really
seems to be responsible for the rareness of the plant is a faulty
mechanism of seed dispersal combined with a lak of pollinators. Until
these problems are fully understood it will be difficult to develop a
truly effective recovery plan.
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
Tumamoca macdougalii has been found to occur on a wide variety of
soil types. Reichenbacher (11) has found it on well-drained coarse
soils in Arizona Upland Subdivision and on poorly drained, finely
textured soils at lower elevations in the Lower Colorado Valley
Subdivision. The species is capable of occupying a wide range of
habitats from halophytic coastal scrub communities on clayey saline
hardpans only a few hundred feet from the shoreline in Mexico to rocky
loamy soils derived from weathered granite at nearly 3000 feet in
south central Arizona. Wiggins collected a specimen from dry
gravelly soil and Reichenbacher and Felger reported the soils from the
Carbo locality to be gravelly loams characteristic of major
drainageway bottoms. Soils on the Tohono O'Odham Nation in the
mesquite-allscale associations are sodic-saline sandy loams (09,14).
Populations have been found on loams, silt loams, sandy loams, hard
clays, loose saline sands, and poorly drained sodic-saline soils (01,
05 12,14). Crossman (01) describes the overall soil characteristics
as well-drained soils, fine grained and friable with organic matters
consistently present. Of the samples tested pH's ranged between
7-8 with virtually no EC.
Parent materials range from granite, rhyolite, rhyolite/andesite
mixed, andesite, andesite basalt, basalt, limestone, and from soils
developed on undifferentiated valley fill (01,11). The largest
population in east Pima County occurs on soils derived from
weathering of amole granites in the Tucson Mountains (11). Soil
texture varies from coarse to very fine.
Thirteen plants found near Kaka (Pinal County) were not on the
bedrock limestone of the hill itself but were immediately below
bedrock outcrops at the base of the hill in limestone soils. This is
the only record of the plants occurring on limestone soils (09).
Mills (03) states that "tuber shape and orientation is influenced
by soil conditions. In loose sandy loam, where most tubers were
found, tubers grew more or less perpendicularly. Those tubers that
were sharply angled or nearly horizontal seemed to be in heavier clay
soil. Potato-like tubers, those that ended bluntly, were present
more often where soil below the tuber changed abruptly to heavy clay."
The population at Sabino Canyon (Pima County) is noteworthy in
that it is the only population known from rocky terraces adjacent to
a perennial stream (08).
T. macdougalii seems to be remarkably non-selective in its
microhabitat preferences. Plants have been found in brushy,
weed-choked ephemeral stream floodplains and on dry rocky slopes of
Life History - 5 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
ridges and south-facing slopes (12). Several plants have been found
in man-modified microhabitats. One group was found on an embankment
created two or three decades ago to serve as a firing range backdrop
(07). The plants are always found climbing among shrubs and trees,
which provide shade and elevated humidities for delicate seedling and
juvenile plants, and support for the larger adult vines (13).
The problem of survival on a wide variety of soil types may be
circumvented by requiring germination and establishment to occur
beneath a nurse plant, where the soil environment is highly modified
by shade of the nurse plant and organic material from decaying
vegetation (11). Clusters of 50-100 plants have been found beneath
the canopy of a single nurse plant.
TROPHIC STATUS:
T. macdougalii is completely autotrophic and phototrophic. It
does not participate in any symbiotic or parasitic relations (15).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
In some situations T. macdougalii can be locally abundant in
microsites of 100 to 300 square feet. For the most part it is a
widely scattered to extremely rare component of the vegetation at any
given site. In the largest population known approximately 800 plants
are scattered over an area of 400 acres. The densest concentration
known consists of roughly 100 individuals plants in an area of
approximately 250 square feet.
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
T. macdougalii is clearly a constituent of the climax vegetation
of the regions it inhabitats. The plant is long-lived and, due to its
limited dispersal ability, is limited to undisturbed habitats. Out of
the approximately 2500 plants known in existence only 3 have been
found on sites which were clearly disturbed. These plants were
obviously the result of seed dispersal from plants on undisturbed
sites only a few meters away. The species produces an average of only
3-4 seeds per fruit, the seeds are large and probably long-lived;
these features indicate a climax vegetation species.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
No symbiotic relationship is known, however, T. macdougalii is
usually found under trees and shrubs (nurse plants), which provide
shade and protection, as well as support for the vine (04). Only two
plants (one adult and one juvenile), out of approximately 2500 known
individuals, have ever been found without any nurse plant shelter at
all. These were growing in dried mud at the upstream foot of a dike
(07). The 'nurse plants', 'host plants', or 'shelter plants' serves
two functions: 1) they provide a moist warm environment with elevated
local humidity required by seeds and seedlings for successful
germination and establishment; 2) and they provide support for the
weak stems and a means of displaying flowers to potential pollinators
and mature fruits to potential seed dispersers (11). The plants do
not appear to be more abundant or vigorous in association with any
particular host species. They most often grow on the northeast side
of the nurse plant.
Life History - 6 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
Observed 'nurse plants' include foothills paloverde (Cercidium
microphyllum), creosote bush (Larrea divaricata), blue paloverde
(Cercidium floridum), whitethorn acacia (Acacia constricta),
saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea), prickly pear (Opuntia phaeacantha),
ironwood (Olneya tesota), and triangleleaf bursage (Ambrosia
deltoidea), buckhorn cholla (Opuntia acanthocarpa), chainfruit cholla
(O. fulgida), barrel cactus (Ferocactus wislizenii), range ratany
(Krameria parviflora), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), allscale,
pencil chola, and desert willow trees (Chilopsis linearis) (04,06,07,
08,11).
Some nurse plants are preferred in some areas over others. On
the Tohono O'Odham Nation 80 percent of the known plants are sheltered
by allscale while plants in the Tucson-Avra Valley area were mostly
sheltered by ironwood, foothills paloverde, and mesquite (09).
Allscale can only shelter a few plants due to its small size.
From the plants perspective the problem of survival on a wide
variety of soil types may be circumvented by requiring germination
and establishment to occur beneath a nurse plant, where the soil
environment is highly modified by shade of the nurse plant and organic
material from decaying vegetation (11). Clusters of 50-100 plants
have been found beneath the canopy of a single nurse plant.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 7 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Maintaining Sperm/Seed Banks
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Native Vertebrates
Adverse Collecting
Existing Collecting
Adverse Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Existing Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Existing Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service determined, effective
May 29, 1986, that Tumamoca macdougalii (Tumamoc globe-berry) is an
endangered species (51 FR 15906) (04). The species is threatened
with habitat destruction from increased agricultural development,
urbanization, a proposed Central Arizona Project (CAP) canal, grazing,
and collection. The growth of urban centers and associated features,
primarily in eastern Pima County, and agricultural development in
Arizona and Sonora (especially Avra Valley, Arizona) make Tumamoca
one of the few endangered species directly in the path of a rapidly
expanding metropolitan area (11).
The Bureau of Reclamation is working with the Fish and Wildlife
Service to determine the status of Tumamoca macdougalii on the CAP
route. Known populations as well as potential habitat on Bureau of
Land Management administered lands may be impacted by land imprinting
and seeding projects or by the possibility of land transfers from the
Bureau of Land Management to the State of Arizona or to private
interests (04).
In recent history Tumamoca has never been abundant, but the
reasons for its decline are largely unknown. It is speculated that
limited seed dispersal to suitable habitat may be responsible for the
sparse and unpredictable distribution (07). Except for ants, wildlife
do not appear to be utilizing the fruits (07,12).
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
Animal predation on the leaves and tubers has been observed many
times (08,11). Javelina are known to forage extensively on the
subterranean tubers and devastate the plant (07,11). Some plants are
incompletely excavated and tuber remains often resprout, though the
plant may be greatly reduced in size. Approximately 60 percent of
the plants known at one site on the Tohono O'Odham Nation were
partially or completely excavated by javelina. One or more plant(s)
were severely damaged by javelina in 8 of 42 Tucson area populations.
Leaf damage by the larva of an as yet unidentified moth and stem
clipping by lagomorphs and/or rodents has also been observed (11).
Stem clipping is extremely common and affects 10-30 percent of the
plants in some populations. Clipping ranges from removal of small
stem segments to abscission of all above-ground parts of the plant.
The impact of livestocking in Tumamoca habitat is not known.
Livestock have not been observed to eat the vine itself, but pruning
of shrubs, devastation of areas surrounding watering holes, and
reduction of groundcover may reduce the area of suitable germination
and establishment habitat in any given area (11).
Approximately six plants are believed to have been vandalized in
1983 and 1984 (07,11). One such plant occurred on the CAP route and
2-5 near a street along the base of Tumamoc Hill.
CAP construction will result in substantial habitat destruction
and population displacement. Five of the 41 populations found in
eastern Pima County have been bisected by roads or by the CAP aqueduct
(11). Eleven populations are so close to roads or some other
development that they will be or have been substantially reduced. Two
populations are close enough to soem sort of development and may be
impacted in the future. The CAP canal route bisects the largest
population known (523 plants) (11). A conservation program is in
progress to relocate and monitor affected plants (13). Of the 468
plants documented at the CAP in 1984, 106 were transplanted, 73 of
these survived and presumably 363 carried through. Of the 272 plants
discovered during the 1985 location and marking project, 177 were
relocated and 61 survived. Of the 75 plants discovered or created
(by inadvertently breaking tuber clustersf) during excavations in
1986, 27 survived. Thus, as far is known, the total number of plants
still living at the CAP population is 524 plants (13). This should
be considered a rough estimate, since nothing is known about the fate
of the 363 plants not involved in the transplant operation and it is
not known if the 197 transplanted plants which were not growing in
1986 are dead or dormant.
A total of 54 plants have been found in Sonora, Mexico (12). One
Sonora population has been eliminated by conversion of habitat to
buffelgrass pastureland. This may have also impacted other, currently
undocumented populations. It is not known if the populations near
Guaymas and at Kino Bay have been reduced by the transportation and
agricultural developments which have impacted much of these areas.
Conservation measures are being implemented at this time. It has
been proposed by Reichenbacher (11) to 1) purchase land adjacent to
the aqueduct to preserve portions of the population not affected by
the project, 2) collect seeds from the transplanted plants to use in
developing a reserve of live plants to offset mortality of the
transplanted plants, 3) develop a plan to transplant all of the
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
affected plants into the adjacent preserve (03,13), 4) and purchase
for preservation in perpetuity, three populations on private lands
elsewhere in Avra Valley.
The City of Tucson agreed to avoid two large populations which
were in the path of its proposed delivery line for CAP water. The
Tohono O'Odham Nation is working with the Fish and Wildlife Service
and Bureau of Land Management to avoid impacts of a proposed
agricultural development on several small populations in western
Avra Valley. The U.S. Forest Service is monitoring a population in
Sabino Canyon and plans to attempt to establish new populations nearby
(08,11).
At the suggestion of the Fish and Wildlife Service and concerned
citizens organizations, the Arizona Commission of Agriculture and
Horticulture added Tumamoc globe-berry to its list of plants protected
under the Arizona Native Plant Law (11).
The Bureau's transplantation study has a 49.5 percent survival
rate in 1987. If all plants with missing tags that showed no
evidence of growth are included then the survival rate is only
36 percent (18).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Recovery Plan for Tumamoc
Globe-berry (Tumamoca macdougalii) (subintegra). Tech. Draft. U.S.
Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM. 47 pp.
The primary objective of the recovery plan is to maintain,
protect, and enhance natural populations of Tumamoca macdougalii.
Populations in the United States and Mexico should be protected by:
1) enforcing existing laws and regulations (Endangered Species
Act, CITES, Lacey Act, and the Arizona Native Plant Law
(ARS 3-901B,
2) conducting additional surveys on Tohono O'dham Nation
lands, Organ Pipe and Saguaro National Monuments, State
and private lands in east Pima County,
3) obtaining an agreement from the Bureau of Land Management
not to dispose any lands supporting populations,
4) seeking cooperation of private landowners for preservation
of existing populations on private land, and
5) developing a program of property acquisition and
preservation with The Nature Conservancy.
The Tumamoc globeberry needs to be studied in its natural
habitat. Information is needed on:
1) its soil needs,
2) moisture requirements as related to phenology and life
history characteristics,
3) nurse plant relationships, preferences, and optimal
shading,
4) seed and seedling germination requirements in the wild,
5) demographic trends,
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
6) life history,
7) pollination biology,
8) gene flow (electrophoretic and pollination biology) between
disjunct population centers,
9) the effect of javelina foraging on globe-berry populations,
and
10) moth species whose caterpillar feeds on the leaves of
Tumamoc globe-berry.
Propagation and transplant techniques should be developed to
provide nursery stocks and to establish non-extant populations.
Efforts to develop public awareness, appreciation, and support for the
preservation of Arizona agave are also needed.
Ongoing Recovery Activities: Bureau of Reclamation has or will
purchase(d) land 1) adjacent to the Tucson Aqueduct to preserve parts
of the population not effected by construction and 2) three
populations on private lands elsewhere in the Avra Valley. They also
collected seeds and transplanted plants. Surveys, monitoring, and
studies by different agencies and individuals are continuing. The
Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum has found it relatively easy to propagate
T. macdougalii.
Management Practices - 4 (DRAFT) - References
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Crossman, L.H. 1986. Pers. comm. U.S. Bur. of Reclamation,
Supervisory Soil Scientist, Phoenix, AZ.
02 May, C. Unpublished data. Tucson, AZ.
03 Mills, G.S. 1986. Report on the transplantation of Tumamoca
macdougalii from the Phase B corridor of the Tucson Aqueduct of the
Central Arizona Project. SWCA, Inc., rept. to U.S. Bur. Recl.,
AZ Project Off., Phoenix, AZ.
04 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Endangered and threatened
wildlife and plants; determination of Tumamoca macdougalii to be
endangered. Fed. Reg. 51:8681/8683.
05 Phillips, A.M., M.A. Bernzott, and B.G. Phillips. 1986. Special
status plant inventory on certain BLM lands in south-central
Arizona. Final rept., order no. AZ-95-PH6-0396 to the Bureau of
Land Management, Phoenix Dist. Office, AZ.
06 Reichenbacher, F.W. 1984. Rare plants of the Central Arizona
Project Tucson Aqueduct Phase B. The Ariz. Nature Conservancy
rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM.
07 Reichenbacher, F.W. 1985. Status and distribution of the Tumamoc
globe-berry (Tumamoca macdougalii Rose). F.W. Reichenbacher and
Assoc. rept. to Ariz. State Univ., Dept. of Botany & Microbiol.,
Tempe, AZ.
08 Reichenbacher, F.W. 1986. Field surveys of Tumamoc globe-berry
in the Coronado National Forest with observations on growth,
phenology, transplantation, and propagation techniques. F.W.
Reichenbacher and Assoc. rept. to U.S. For. Serv., Coronado Nat.
For., Tucson, AZ.
09 Reichenbacher, F.W. 1987. Tumamoc globe-berry surveys on the
Tohono O'Odham Nation, Pima and Pinal Counties, Arizona. Rept. to
U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM.
10 Reichenbacher, F.W. 1987. Pollination experiments on natural
populations of Tumamoc globe-berry. F.W. Reichenbacher and Assoc.
rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM.
11 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Recovery Plan for the
Tumamoc Globe-berry (Tumamoca macdougalii J.N. Rose). Tech. Draft.
U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM. 47 pp.
12 Reichenbacher, F.W., and R.S. Felger. 1985. Field investigations
of the Tumamoc globe-berry in Sonora, Mexico, October, 1985. F.W.
Reichenbacher and Assoc. rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Albuquerque, NM.
13 Reichenbacher, F.W., and R.H. Perrill. 1987. Monitoring of
transplanted Tumamoca macdougalii, Tucson Aqueduct, Phase B.
Central Ariz. Project. F.W. Reichenbacher and Assoc. rept. to
U.S. Bureau Recl., Ariz. Proj. Off., Phoenix, AZ.
14 Robinette, D. 1986. Pers. comm. U.S. Soil Conservation Service.
15 Rose, J.N. 1912. Tumamoca, a new genus of Cucurbitaceae. Contr.
U.S. Natl. Herbarium, Vol. 16, Wash., D.C.
16 Shreve, F., and I.L. Wiggins. 1964. Vegetation and flora of the
Sonoran Desert. 2 Vols., Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA.
840 pp.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
17 Toolin, L.J. 1981. Status report: Tumamoca macdougalii. Rept.
to U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM.
18 ERO Resources Corporation. 1987. Draft report "Second year
monitoring study of transplanted Tumamoca macdougalii Tucson
Aqueduct Phase B Central Arizona Project" to Bureau of Reclamation,
Phoenix, AZ.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Brown, D.E., and C.H. Lowe. 1980. Biotic communities of the
Southwest. U.S. Forest Serv., Rocky Mount. Forest & Range Exp.
Stn., Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-78, Tempe, AZ.
02 Reichenbacher, F.W., and R.S. Felger. 1985. Field investigations
of the Tumamoc globe-berry in Sonora, Mexico, October, 1985.
F.W. Reichenbacher & Assoc. rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Off. of End. Species, Albuquerque, NM.
03 Reichenbacher, F.W. 1985. Status and distribution of the Tumamoc
globe-berry (Tumamoca macdougalii Rose). F.W. Reichenbaher &
Assoc. rept. to Arizona State Univ., Dept. of Botany & Micro.,
Tempe, AZ.
04 Reichenbacher, F.W. 1985. Rare plan survey selected areas of the
Schuk Toak and San Xavier Districts of the Papago Indian
Reservation. F.W. Reichenbacher & Assoc. rept. to Franzoy Corey
Engineering Co., Tempe, AZ.
05 Reichenbacher, F.W. 1986. Field surveys of Tumamoc globe-berry in
the Coronado National Forest with observations on growth,
phenology, transplantation and propagation techniques.
F.W. Reichenbacher & Assoc. rept. to U.S. Forest Serv., Coronado
Nat'l. Forest, Tucson, AZ.
06 Reichenbacher, F.W. 1986. Rare plants of the San Xavier Farms,
San Xavier District, Tohono O'Odham Nation. F.W. Reichenbacher &
Assoc. rept. to Franzoy Corey Engineers & Architects, Phoenix, AZ.
07 Reichenbacher, F.W., and R.H. Perrill. 1987. Monitoring of
transplanted Tumamoca macdougalii, Tucson Aqueduct, Phase B.
Central Arizona Project. F.W. Reichenbacher & Assoc. rept. to
U.S. Bureau of Recl., Ariz. Proj. Off., Phoenix, AZ.
08 Reichenbacher, F.W. 1987. Tumamoc globe-berry surveys on the
Tohono O'Odham Nation, Pima and Pinal Counties, Arizona.
F.W. Reichenbacher & Assoc. rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Off. Endang. Species, Albuquerque, NM.
09 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Recovery Plan for the
Tumamoc Globe-berry (Tumamoca macdougalii J.N. Rose).
F.W. Reichenbacher & Assoc. for U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Albuquerque, NM. 47 pp.
10 Robinette, D. 1984. Pers. comm. U.S. Soil Conservation Service,
Tucson, AZ.
11 Tierra Madra Consultants & Cornett & Associates. 1985. 1985 San
Xavier planned community biological survey and assessment. Tierra
Madra Consultants & Cornett & Assoc. rept. to U.S. Bureau of
Indian Affairs, Phoenix, AZ.
12 Toolin, L.J. 1981. Status report: Tumamoca macdougalii. Rept.
to U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM.
References - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species GLOBE-BERRY, TUMAMOC
Species Id ESIS702036
Date 13 MAR 96
References - 4