(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
OTHER COMMON NAMES - BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE; BUSH CLOVER, PRAIRIE; BUSH CLOVER, SLENDER-SPIKED;BUSH CLOVER and SLENDER
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - FABALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - FABACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - LESPEDEZA,
SPECIES AND SSP - LEPTOSTACHYA,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - LESPEDEZA LEPTOSTACHYA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Prairie Bush-clover
Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm.
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Fabales FAMILY: Fabaceae
Lespedeza leptostachya (prairie bush-clover) is one of 12
herbaceous native North American bush-clovers. The sericeous stems of
mature plants are erect, up to a meter tall (07), and may be simple
(02,03,04) or branched (06). The linear or narrowly oblong lateral
leaflets of the trifoliolate leaves are 2-4 cm long and 2-8 mm wide
(05) with appressed pubescence above and silky hairs below (02,03,04).
The longer terminal leaflet is less than half as wide as long (01),
with petioles 2-10 mm long (03,04).
Flowers are borne in pairs or singly (06), in slender-cylindric
spikes 2-4 cm long and 5-8 mm thick (02,03,04). The cream-colored
petals of cleistogamous flowers are developed within and usually
completely surrounded by the calyx (06), which reaches a length of 4.5
to 5 mm when fully developed (07). Petals of chasmogamous, pea-shaped
flowers are light pink with a magenta mark in the center of the keel
and are between 4 (03,04) and 6 mm in length (06,07). The leguminous
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
fruit is yellow-brown to tan and is a densely pubescent pod 3-4 mm
long, barely exceeded by the calyx. Clewell has differentiated pods of
chasmogamous and cleistogamous origin by the morphology of the
persistent style (08). Chasmogamous pods may develop extended
straight styles, whereas those of cleistogams are recurved because the
fruit develops within the enclosing calyx. Preliminary field results
suggest that these morphological distinctions are not always reliable,
both because the distinguishing style may not persist and because
styles of chasmogams exhibit great variability in shape, from nearly
straight to recurved (05).
Illustrations of Lespedeza leptostachya are included in
references (04,08,33,56,57). The type specimen of Lespedeza
leptostachya is the collection of C.E. Bessey S.N., Emmet Co., Iowa,
1871 [MO 146617]. The common names "prairie bush clover" (09) and
"slender-spiked bush clover" (02) or "slender bush clover" (10) have
all been used for Lespedeza leptostachya.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
Commercial
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
Prairie bush-clover (Lespedeza leptostachya) has been designated
a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as
amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
States of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or
result in the destruction or adverse modification of Critical
Habitat (50 CFR 402), and to utilize their authorities to carry out
programs for the conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: (IL) Department of Conservation (DOC)
(IA) State Conservation Commission
(MN) Department of Natural Resources
(WI) Department of Natural Resources
STATE STATUTE: (IL) Ill. DOC under Ill. Rev. Stats. 1985, Ch. 8.
(IA) Chapter 109A of the Iowa Code.
(MN) Sections 84.025, Subd. 7:97.48, Subd. 8 and
471.59 (1980).
(WI) Section 29.415 Wis. Stats.
STATE: Missouri
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Missouri Department of Conservation
STATE STATUTE: MO Revised Statutes, Sec. 252.240 (Supp. 1985);
3 CSR 10-4.111 and 10-4.113.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
Prairie bush-clover has some limited commercial value as it is
sold by some prairie nurseries, but this is not considered to be a
problem.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27924 - Notice of review
80/12/15:45 FR 82480/82569 - Notice of review
85/05/10:50 FR 19761/19763 - Findings and Progress of Actions
85/09/27:50 FR 39526/39527 - Notice of review
85/12/06:50 FR 49967/49970 - Proposed rule, list as Threatened
87/01/09:52 FR 00781/00785 - Final rule, list as Threatened
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTRY TYPES
SAF TYPE STAGE CLOSURE
shrub--seedling
young tree
Aspen-paper birch shrub--seedling
Aspen-paper birch young tree
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Mixed Urban or Built-up Land
Cropland and Pasture
Herbaceous Rangeland
Deciduous Forest Land
Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Lespedeza leptostachya (prairie bush-clover) occurs in dry open
areas in glaciated regions of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin.
The species does not appear to require undisturbed sites (13) as many
have been previously mowed or hayed, at least one was plowed 50 years
before the plant was observed there (16). Other sites occur on
right-of-ways (12) and several sites have been exposed to repeated
fires (15).
Specific soil and slope preferences appear to differ in the
eastern and western parts of the species' range. In southwestern
Minnesota and northwestern Iowa, where the largest populations occur,
L. leptostachya appears to favor coarse soils on north-facing slopes
of 10-15 deg. (13). In Illinois and Wisconsin there is greater
variability in soil texture and plants occur more commonly on
south-facing slopes. Dry gravel and dry mesic sites in Illinois lie
on steep slopes with well-drained usually calcareous soils (24), but
generally on the more mesic microenvironments of such sites (12).
Prairie bush-clover occurs on several tracts characterized by
bedrock outcrops, but the species is not directly associated with the
outcrops themselves. In Cottonwood County, Minnesota, where L.
leptostachya occurs on several tracts along a ridge of Sioux
quartzite, the species occurs at distances of several meters both
uphill and downhill of the outcrops, not on the rocks themselves. At
Morton, Minnesota, bush-clover occurs in soil-filled crevices and on
the soil covered north slope of a gneiss outcrop but not on the actual
rocks themselves.
Although prairie bush-clover is generally associated with other
prairie species throughout its range, there is not a single assemblage
of species with which it is constantly associated at any of its
presently known sites. Lists of associated species have been compiled
for separate portions of the range (13,25,26,27). Analysis of species
lists from sixteen sites throughout the range of L. leptostachya
indicates co-occurrences of the following species at more than half of
the sites: Andropogon scoparius, A. gerardi, Aster ericoides, A.
laevis, A. sericeus, Anemone cylindrica, Liatris aspera, Petalostemum
purpureum, Sorghastrum nutans, Stipa spartea, Lespedeza capitata,
Achillea millefolium, Amorpha canescens, Bouteloua curtipendula,
Echinacea angustifolia, Potentilla arguta, Lithospermum canescens,
Petalostemum candidum, Phlox pilosa, Solidago rigida, Ambrosia
Habitat Associations - 1 artemisifolia, Antennaria neglecta, Artemisia ludoviciana, Asclepias
syriaca, Bromus inermis, Phleum pratense, Verbena stricta, and Viola
pedatifida (06,10,15,21,28,29,30,31,32,33).
Lespedeza leptostachya (prairie bush-clover) appears to be
detrimentally affected by competition with woody species. It is
unknown whether L. leptostachya fails to colonize areas already
occupied by woody invaders or whether it is outshaded by them. The
following woody species have been reported from prairie bush-clover
sites: Ceanothus sp., Crataegus sp., Juniperus virginiana, Populus
tremuloides, Prunus spp., Quercus macrocarpa, Q. velutina, Rhus
glabra, R. typhina, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, and Vitis riparia.
The most heavily shaded site is near River Falls, Wisconsin, where
the concentration of bush-clover plants appears to have shifted over
the years from areas shaded by Quercus velutina and Populus
tremuloides into an open roadside (14). Stem counts at this site in
1986 revealed 32 plants, of which 56 percent were flowering, 18
percent nonflowering and 25 percent seedlings in the wooded area and
118 plants in the open roadside ditch of which 70 percent were
flowering, 8 percent were non-flowering and 22 percent were seedlings
(11). Similar 1986 counts at Morton Outcrop revealed a total of 62
blooming and 47 non-blooming adult size plants, with only 3
non-blooming plants in areas dominated by sumac (34).
Several of the prairies in which Lespedeza leptostachya occurs
have been subjected to either plowing (hay) (16,17) or grazing (18,
19,20) in the past. The effect of both practices on L. leptostachya
populations is presently not well understood. Sites on the outskirts
of River Falls, Wisconsin (Pierce County) and Ames, Iowa (Story
County) are near mixed urban development. A population near Morton,
Minnesota (Renville County) is threatened by granite quarrying (13).
The species occurs in numerous State parks. The Schluckebier site,
Sauk County, Wisconsin, occurs adjacent to a fence row. When the
parent population at this site was apparently plowed under, the
remaining plants along the fence row formed the nucleus for this
population.
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
G
G Availability of fence rows: roadside ditches and grassy
G Human Association: Public residential parks
G
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
Lespedeza leptostachya (prairie bush-clover) is herbaceous.
LIFE CYCLE:
L. leptostachya is a perennial plant. Although plants have been
observed to flower in their second year under cultivation (35) data
are not yet available to indicate the time to maturity under natural
conditions. Mature plants have been observed to flower repeatedly
over four sequential sampling seasons, with very low mortality among
mature plants (15). It is estimated that individual plants frequently
live ten years or more.
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
L. leptostachya reproduces by seed. Established plants can send
up multiple stems from a single root. Both chasmogamous (potentially
outcrossing) and cleistogamous (obligately self-fertilizing) flowers
are produced (01,06,23). Both such flower types can be produced on a
single plant, or plants may bear only cleistogamous flowers. No
plants have been observed bearing chasmogamous flowers only (06,23).
During the 1986 season, seed set among chasmogams appeared to be very
low in both Minnesota and Wisconsin, with most flowers drying and
dropping prematurely (06,23).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Germination of Lespedeza leptostachya occurs from mid May to
mid July. Leafing dates occur from late May through early September.
Leaf buds form from late May through late August. Flower buds form
from early mid July to mid August. Cleistogamous flowers bloom from
early mid July through late August. Chasmogamous flowers bloom from
mid July through mid August. Fruiting dates are from mid August
through September. Seed dispersal occurs from mid September
throughout the winter and apparently into the following summer.
Established plants begin to emerge in mid May. Seedling
germination also begins in May and can extend for as long as three
months, with a peak in early to mid June (36). Flowering of both
cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers begins in mid July. At
Minnesota sites, 1986 flowering of chasmogams was complete by
mid August but cleistogams continued to flower into early September
(06,36).
Observations at two sites in Minnesota during the 1986 season
indicate that mature plants appear to lose their leaves at the time
the seeds mature, which can begin as early as the first week of
September, but peaks in the latter half of that month. Young plants
retain their leaves in green condition later into the autumn than
mature plants (36).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
L. leptostachya is monoclinous. It produces both cleistogamous
(obligately self-pollinating) and chasmogamous (potentially
outcrossing) flowers. Both types of flowers can occur on one plant or
a plant may produce cleistogamous flowers only (01,06,23).
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Seed dissemination agents are mammals and other unknown agents
(06). All present information on agents of pollination and of seed
dispersal is generalized from studies of other members of the genus
(01). No data are available specifically for Lespedeza leptostachya.
SEED BIOLOGY:
Seed biology of Lespedeza leptostachya is only in the earliest
stages of investigation. Preliminary observations and data indicate
that seed production may be as high as 560 seeds on a single plant,
with an average of 235 seeds per plant during the peak of seed
production, in early September (06). Studies in 1986 at two sites,
one in Minnesota and one in Wisconsin, suggest that seed set is much
more successful among cleistogams than chasmogams, because most
chasmogamous flowers dry up and fall off immediately after bloom or
even in the late bud stage (06,23).
Clewell reports that seed longevity for members of the genus is
long and that seeds of other Lespedeza species remained viable after
being passed through the digestive system of bobwhite quail (01).
Alverson has suggested that long retention of seed viability in the
soil may account for the re-appearance of L. leptostachya at
Schluckebier Prairie, Wisconsin, 50 years after that site was plowed
(16). However, neither viability in the soil nor viability after
ingestion has been investigated for L. leptostachya.
Clewell notes that all members of the genus require scarification
in order to germinate (01). Casual observations (12,15,35) and
preliminary data suggest that this may not be true for L.
leptostachya. Forty two percent of fresh seeds gathered in the Autumn
and tested at the Minnesota Department of Agriculture Seed Testing
Laboratory were viable without scarification (37,38), as were seeds
which had overwintered on the stalks and were collected the following
spring (39). Studies are presently underway to determine germination
requirements of the species (39).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Populations of Lespedeza leptostachya in the eastern part of the
range vary from as few as 27 to as many as 475 individuals (11,12).
Average population size for the seven sites in Illinois and Wisconsin
is 223 individuals. Populations in the western part of the range
appear to be significantly larger, with counts of over 1,100 plants at
Freda Hafner Preserve, Iowa in 1985 (21), 8,375 plants at Kilen Woods
State Park, Minnesota in 1986 (15) and estimates of 8,000 plants at
Red Rock Ridge, Minnesota (06).
Average measured densities (plants per square meter) from sample
plots range from 2.59 at Freda Hafner Preserve, Iowa to 13.93 at Kilen
Woods State Park, Minnesota. Estimates based on population size and
colony size for Ogle Carbon Dioxide Illinois and Westport Prairie,
Wisconsin range from 0.3 to 1.9 plants per square meter.
Available data on population trends are not strictly comparable.
Yearly stem counts at prairies in Illinois suggest decreasing
populations from 1980 to 1986 (12), whereas similar counts in
Wisconsin suggest population increases (11). It is likely that some
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
of these variations in population trends are caused by dissimilarities
in sampling intensity by different investigators.
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
Lespedeza leptostachya occurs on loamy soils of varying texture
developed on a parent material of calcareous glacial till. This till
may be either deeply or shallowly underlain by till or by rocks--most
commonly by limestone, but also by sandstone, gneiss or quartzite.
Several of the soil series on which L. leptostachya occurs are
characterized by a clay subsoil, in the case of the Grundy series
forming a hard pan at depth (49). Others, such as the Boone series,
are sandy soils throughout (44) or soils may be underlain by sand, as
is the case for the O'Neill soils developed on outwash terraces of the
Little Sioux River, Iowa (50).
Soil surveys are available for the counties in which 23 of the 30
sites are located. Ten of these sites in Minnesota and Iowa lie on
Clarion loams or silt loams, one of the most prevalent agricultural
soils in northwestern Iowa and southwestern Minnesota. County soil
surveys for 18 sites include the equivalent Seventh Approximation for
the series. Twelve of these 18 sites lie on hapludolls.
A listing of sites and their respective series and Seventh
Approximation is given below. However, it should be cautioned that
this information is based solely on comparing legal descriptions with
soil atlases. In light of the variability of texture and permeability
suggested by the range of subsoils (from sand to clay hardpan), these
soils data should be considered in conjunction with other factors such
as climate and slope exposure. No extensive field investigations have
been conducted on soils at Lespedeza sites.
1) Hum Prairie: McHenry Co., Illinois. No soil survey for county.
2) Lee County: Illinois. Soil survey available but too detailed
to pinpoint site without very accurate location (43).
3) Ogle County: Illinois. Boone sand; typic quartzipsamment (44).
4) Hinsdale: Dupage Co., Illinois. Symerton & Verna silt loams;
mesic typic argiudoll (45,12) and Pishkum silty clay loam; mesic
typic argiudoll and mesic typic haploaquoll (12,45).
5) Cayler: Dickinson Co., Iowa. Pierce fine sandy loam (50),
Clarion fine sandy loam; mesic typic hapludoll (50), and
Carrington loam (50).
6) Freda Hafner: Dickinson Co., Iowa. O'Neill fine sandy loam and
O'Neill loam (50).
7) Dickenson County Prairie: Dickinson Co., Iowa. Clarion loam;
mesic typic hapludoll (50).
8) Hayden Prairie: Howard Co., Iowa. No soil survey for county.
9) Emmet County Prairie: Emmet Co., Iowa. Clarion loam; mesic typic
hapludoll (51).
10) Wolter's Prairie: Osceola Co., Iowa. No soil survey for county.
11) Flaherty Prairie: Clarke Co., Iowa. Grundy silt loam and Shelby
loam (49).
12) Fort Defiance State Park: Emmet Co., Iowa. Clarion loam; mesic
typic hapludoll (51).
13) Blackmun Prairie: Butler Co., Iowa. Saude loam; mesic typic
hapludoll (42), Terril loam; cumulic hapludoll (42), and Rockton
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
loam; mesic typic argiudoll (42).
14) Whitebreast Unit: Lucas Co., Iowa. No soil survey for the
county.
15) Raymond/Troe: Story Co., Iowa. Clarion loam; fine loamy mixed
mesic hapludoll (41) and Nicollet; aquic hapludoll (40).
16) Stinson Prairie: Kossuth, Iowa. Storden loam (40) and Clarion
loam; mesic typic hapludoll (40).
17) Unnamed Prairie: Winnishiek Co., Iowa. Mclean loam (46), Rockton
loam; mesic typic argiudoll (46), and Bassett loam (46).
18) Red Rock Ridge: Cottonwood Co., Minnesota. Germantown; mesic
udic haplustolls (52).
19) Cihak Prairie: Jackson Co., Minnesota. Clarion clay loam, steep;
mesic typic hapludoll (47).
20) Kilen Woods State Park: Jackson Co., Minnesota. Clarion clay
loam; mesic typic hapludoll (47).
21) McKnight Prairie: Goodhue Co., Minnesota. Terril sandy loam;
cumulic hapludoll (53), Bellechester sand or Estherville loam
(53).
22) Yonker Prairie: Jackson Co., Minnesota. Clarion clay loam; mesic
typic hapludoll (47).
23) Thompson Prairie: Jackson Co., Minnesota. Clarion clay loam,
steep; mesic typic hapludoll (47).
24) Walinga Prairie: Cottonwood Co., Minnesota. Storden loam; mesic
typic udorthent (52).
25) Morton Outcrop: Renville Co., Minnesota. No soil survey for
county.
26) Lespedeza Prairie: Goodhue Co., Minnesota. Sogn and Copaston
loam (53).
27) River Falls: Pierce Co., Wisconsin. Dubuque silt loam (48).
28) Westport Dramlin Prairie: Dane Co., Wisconsin. Griswold loam;
mesic typic argiudoll (11) and Kidder silt loam; mesic typic
hapludoll (11).
29) Schluckebier Prairie: Sauk Co., Wisconsin. Gotham loamy sand and
LaCrosse sandy loam (11).
TROPHIC STATUS:
Lespedeza leptostachya is phototrophic. Because L. leptostachya
is a legume it is assumed nitrogen-fixing bacteria are associated with
the root system. No studies have been conducted to identify the
symbiont or examine the effect of its presence or absence.
Observations at Kilen Woods State Park, Minnesota during 1986
suggest that young plants of L. leptostachya retain green leaves
longer into the fall than do mature plants. This suggests that they
remain photosynthetically active for a longer period of time (36).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Lespedeza leptostachya is a component species. Where L.
leptostachya occurs it can develop dense "stands" several meters in
diameter. Within such "stands" it can be viewed as a codominant
species. However, because vegetation is usually characterized on a
grain much coarser than a few meters, L. leptostachya should probably
be considered a patchy component species.
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
Over its range as a whole, Lespedeza leptostachya is a component
of dry-mesic prairie (13,26,27,39,54,55). However, on many sites it
occupies a midslope topographic position that suggests a specialized
drainage regime, slightly moister than the "dry prairie" as a whole
(12).
Although prairie bush-clover is generally associated with other
prairie species throughout its range, there is not a single assemblage
of species with which it is constantly associated at any of its
presently known sites. Lists of associated species have been compiled
for separate portions of the range (13,25,26,27). Analysis of species
lists from sixteen sites throughout the range of L. leptostachya
indicates co-occurrences of the following species at more than half of
the sites: Andropogon scoparius, A. gerardi, Aster ericoides, A.
laevis, A. sericeus, Anemone cylindrica, Liatris aspera, Petalostemum
purpureum, Sorghastrum nutans, Stipa spartea, Lespedeza capitata,
Achillea millefolium, Amorpha canescens, Bouteloua curtipendula,
Echinacea angustifolia, Potentilla arguta, Lithospermum canescens,
Petalostemum candidum, Phlox pilosa, Solidago rigida, Ambrosia
artemisifolia, Antennaria neglecta, Artemisia ludoviciana, Asclepias
syriaca, Bromus inermis, Phleum pratense, Verbena stricta, and Viola
pedatifida (06,10,15,21,28,29,30,31,32,33).
Perhaps because Lespedeza leptostachya is favored by a slightly
more mesic microenvironment, its populations are often subject to
invasion by woody species. The following woody species have been
reported from prairie bush-clover sites: Ceanothus sp., Crataegus
sp., Juniperus virginiana, Populus tremuloides, Prunus spp., Quercus
macrocarpa, Q. velutina, Rhus glabra, R. typhina, Symphoricarpos
occidentalis, and Vitis riparia. Shaded areas appear to support
smaller populations of L. leptostachya with a larger number of
nonflowering plants.
There are many areas with vegetation and soils that appear
suitable for L. leptostachya, but in which the species does not grow.
Although the population at River Falls, Wisconsin appears to have
adapted to woody invasion by expanding into nearby open areas, this
may not be a predictable response. Removal of woody competition is
presently underway at Westport Drumlin Prairie, Wisconsin and Prairie
Bush Clover State Natural Area, Minnesota. Although the population at
Morton, Minnesota has not been previously monitored, most of the
suitable habitat is heavily invaded by sumac, suggesting a need for
monitoring and perhaps for brush removal.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
L. leptostachya occurs sympatrically with L. capitata at least in
10 of its 30 known sites. Hybrid populations have been observed at
the Jeffers Petroglyph and Morton sites, both in Minnesota (34,35).
During the 1986 growing season, L. leptostachya chasmogamous flowers
and L. capitata reached their peak of flowering at the same time (06).
It is unknown whether there are any natural isolating mechanisms
preventing hybridization, although, considering their high degree of
co-occurrence and simultaneous flowering period such mechanisms seem
likely.
Life History - 5 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
No information is available.
Life History - 6 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Prescribed/controlled burning of habitat
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Maintaining Early Stages of Succession
Beneficial Maintaining Sperm/Seed Banks
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting Wild Eggs/Wild Seeds
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Adverse Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Existing Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Hybridization
Existing Hybridization
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Transmission Lines/Towers
Existing Transmission Lines/Towers
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse Applying herbicides
Existing Applying herbicides
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Suppressing wildfire
Existing Suppressing wildfire
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Lespedeza leptostachya (prairie bush-clover) is a midwestern
endemic. Natural populations are known to occur within the boundaries
of 21 counties in northern Illinois, southern Wisconsin, southern
Minnesota and Iowa. In addition, one reintroduced population exists
in a County in Illinois. Its former range included 41 counties in
these 4 states and a disjunct record in Jefferson County, Missouri.
Agricultural expansion undoubtedly accounts for the greatest historic
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
habitat destruction. Agricultural development has caused the
extirpation of at least one site in Wisconsin since 1979 (Rock County)
(11). Quarry activities destroyed one population near Rockford,
Illinois in 1985 (12), and threaten a second population near Morton,
Minnesota (13).
Several stations for the species are located on or near both
public and private right-of-ways. A large proportion of the
population at River Falls, Wisconsin, occurs along a roadside (14).
The population at Hinsdale Prairie, Illinois, owned by the County
Authority of DuPage County, is threatened by both highway expansion
and pipeline easement (14). HUM Prairie in McHenry County, Illinois
is owned by the Chicago Northwestern Railroad and threatened by
railroad herbicide use (12).
In addition to these anthropogenic threats to the species, the
biology of Lespedeza leptostachya is not sufficiently known to provide
adequate understanding of threshold population sizes, threats from
disease, predation, hybridization and competition, and responses to
grazing and fire.
Several of the populations are very small (11,12,15) and could be
lost because of unknown inherent biological factors. Populations in
Illinois have declined in size from 1980 to 1986 (12,27). Populations
are known from tracts that were previously cultivated (16,17) and
presently grazed (18,19,20). The dynamics of colonization of
cultivated areas and response to varying grazing pressures are
unknown.
Herbivory by both insects and mammals may contribute to
mortality. Insect herbivory has been reported for Illinois
populations (12) and minor insect damage affected up to 15 percent of
stems in the Freda Hafner Preserve in 1985 (21). Young leaves and
growing tips of young plants are damaged by insects throughout the
summer (36). At times, damage by mammals may reach significant
proportions in localized areas. In one subpopulation of Red Rock
Prairie, Minnesota, 75 percent of randomly-selected sample plants and
86 percent of all plants blooming in late July were cut by mammals by
mid-September 1986. Similar damage was noted by Valentine at a site
in Jackson County, Minnesota in 1985 (22). Although regeneration of
plants has been observed after a year's hiatus, (15) it is unknown
what proportion of plants experiencing such herbivory may regenerate.
Tentative evidence suggests that Lespedeza leptostachya is
detrimentally affected by woody invasion (19,23) but no data are
available on the numbers of Lespedeza plants present at recently
invaded sites before invasion. It is unknown whether L. leptostachya
fails to colonize areas already occupied by woody invaders or whether
it is outshaded by them. Studies by Benish at Westport Drumlin
Prairie in Wisconsin may shed light on the effects of shading (23).
Longitudinal studies by Smith at Prairie Bush Clover State Natural
Area in Minnesota may provide data indicating the response of
Lespedeza to release from invasion through fire management (15).
Aside from the question of release from woody invasion, the direct
biological response of L. leptostachya to fire is not adequately
documented. Studies of fire response have been initiated at the Freda
Hafner Preserve in Iowa (21) and Prairie Bush Clover State Natural
Area in Minnesota (15).
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
Another potential threat whose significance is yet undetermined
includes hybridization. L. leptostachya occurs sympatrically with L.
capitata in at least 10 of its 30 known sites. Hybrid populations
have been observed at the Jeffers Petroglyph and Morton sites, both in
Minnesota (34,35). During the 1986 growing season, L. leptostachya
chasmogamous flowers and L. capitata reached their peak of flowering
at the same time (06). It is unknown whether there are any natural
isolating mechanisms preventing hybridization, although, considering
their high degree of co-occurrence and simultaneous flowering period
such mechanisms seem likely.
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
The technical draft Recovery Plan for the prairie bush-clover is
being prepared by a recovery team and is scheduled for review March
1987. The agency draft is scheduled for review after September 1987.
The final plan is scheduled for approval in 1988.
A recovery plan for Lespedeza leptostachya has not yet been
approved, but actions recommended for the recovery of the species have
been described. A seed bank with seeds from each population must be
established. It may be necessary to propagate plants for
reintroduction into suitable habitats, or reintroduce wild plants or
seeds if feasible. Management guidelines for each population must be
developed. Management guidelines might include control of grazing
domestic animals, identifying suitable agricultural practices, control
of herbicides, and restricting development and mining activities
(quarries) in areas of known sites and in areas of potential habitat.
Implementing zoning restrictions and acquiring habitat may be
necessary. Management authority for each population must be
established and needed habitat manipulation implemented. Habitat
manipulation might include prescribed burning to maintain early
successional stages. Protection of known and potential sites might
include controlling off-road vehicle traffic and restricting
collecting if it becomes a problem. The sale of this species
commercially, even though not a current threat, may be a threat to the
species in the future. Other recovery actions might include:
appropriate research of species biology; location of new populations;
monitoring of existing populations; and implementation of a public
information program.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Clewell, A.F. 1966. Natural history, cytology, and isolating
mechanisms of the native North American Lespedezas. Tall Timbers
Res. Sta. Bull., No. 6. Tallahassee, FL. 30 pp.
02 Fernald, M.L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany, 8th ed. p. 927.
The American Book Company, New York.
03 Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of the vascular
plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. p. 415.
D. Van Nostrand Company, New York.
04 Gleason, H.A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora
of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Vol. 2:436.
Hafner Press, New York.
05 Fox, W.B. 1945. The Leguminosae of Iowa. Am. Mid. Nat.
34:207-230.
06 Sather, N.P. 1986. Lespedeza leptostachya (Prairie bush-clover)
monitoring at Red Rock Ridge, Minnesota. Unpubl. data on file at:
MN Nat. Heritage Prog., MN Dept. of Nat. Resour., Box 7, 500
Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
07 Clewell, A.F. 1966. Native North American species of Lespedeza.
Rhodora 68:359-405.
08 Clewell, A.F. 1966. Identification of the Lespedezas in North
America. p. 29. Bull. Tall Timbers Res. Sta., No. 7.
Tallahassee, FL.
09 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Final rule to list
Lespedeza leptostachya (prairie bush-clover) as an Endangered
species. Fed. Reg. 52:00781.
10 Roefer, F. 1983. A profile of the Jeffers Petroglyph Prairie.
Available from: The Minnesota Historical Society.
11 Martin, M. 1986. Pers. comm. Bureau of Endangered Resour., WI
Dept. of Nat. Resour., Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707.
12 Schwegman, J. 1986. Pers. comm. Natural Areas Program Mgr.,
IL Dept. of Conserv., 524 South 2nd Street, Springfield, IL 62706.
13 Smith, W.R. 1981. Status report on Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm.
Available from: MN Nat. Heritage Progr., MN Dept. of Nat. Resour.,
Box 7, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
14 Richardson, J. 1986. Pers. comm. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of WI,
River Falls.
15 Smith, W.R. 1986. Lespedeza leptostachya. Unpubl. data on file
at: MN Nat. Heritage Prog., MN Dept. of Nat. Resour., Box 7, 500
Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
16 Alverson, W. 1981. Wisconsin's critical plant species. Bull.
Bot. Club of Wisc. 13(3):1-10.
17 Kohring, M. 1986. Pers. comm. The Nature Conservancy, MN Chapter
Office, MN Dept. of Nat. Resour., Box 7, 500 Lafayette Road,
St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
18 Watson, W.C. 1983. Status report of Lespedeza leptostachya in
Iowa. IA Conserv. Comm., Wallace State Office Bldg., Des Moines,
IA 50319.
19 Djupstrom, R. 1986. Pers. comm. MN Nat. Areas Prog., MN Dept. of
Nat. Resour., Box 7, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
20 Bender, J. 1986. Monitoring Lespedeza leptostachya on the
Thompson property. Rep. to The Nature Conservancy, MN Ch. Office.
Available from: The Nature Conservancy, MN Chapter Office.
21 Nekola, J. 1985. A summary of baseline information from a study
of the response of Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm. to fire
management of the Freda Hafner Kettlehole Preserve, Dickenson
County, Iowa. Avail. from: The Nature Conserv., IA Field Office.
22 Valentine, E.H. 1986. Monitoring Lespedeza leptostachya on the
Thompson property. Rept. to The Nature Conservancy, MN Ch. Office.
Avail. from: The Nature Conservancy, MN Chapter Office.
23 Benish, N. 1986. Lespedeza leptostachya (Prairie bush-clover)
monitoring at Westport Drumlin Prairie. Unpubl. data avail. from:
Nancy Benish, 5279 Highway 19, Waunakee, WI.
24 White, J. and M. Madany. 1978. Classification of natural
communities of Illinois. Pp. 311-405. IN: Illinois natural areas
inventory technical report V. I. Survey methods and results. J.
White, ed. Avail. from: IL Natural Areas Inventory, Urbana.
25 Olson, S. 1978. Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm: A summary of the
literature. Unpubl. rept. on file at: MN Landscape Arbor. 3 pp.
26 Huston, M.J. 1981. Iowa preserve selection and design project.
Rept. to the IA Nat. Areas Invent., Des Moines. Avail. from: The
Nature Conservancy, Midwest Regional Office, Minneapolis, MN.
27 Kurz, D.R. and M.L. Bowles. 1981. Status report on Lespedeza
leptostachya (Prairie bush-clover). Rept. to IL Dept. of Conserv.
(IDC). 7 pp. Avail. from: IDC, 524 2nd St., Springfield 62706.
28 Glenn-Lewin, D. 1976. The vegetation of Stinson Prairie. Rep. on
file at: IA State Preserves Advisory Board. 31 pp.
29 Christiansen, P. 1986. Species list for Hayden Prairie. Avail.
from: Dr. Paul Christiansen, Dept. of Biol., Cornell College,
Mt. Vernon, IA. 11 pp.
30 Aikman, J.M. and R.F. Thorne. 1956. The Cayler Prairie: An
ecological and taxonomic study of a northwest Iowa prairie. Proc.
Iowa Acad. Sci. 63:177-200.
31 Betz, R. 1983. [Letter addressed to Mr. John Schwegman, Natural
Areas Program Coordinator, IL Dept. of Conserv.]. 1983, December.
Avail. from: IL Conserv. Comm.
32 Iowa Conservation Commission. 1984. Species lists for Wolters
Prairie and Raymond/Troe Prairie, Iowa. Avail. from: IA Conserv.
Comm., Des Moines.
33 Alverson, W. 1981. Status report on Lespedeza leptostachya
(Prairie bush-clover) in Wisconsin. Avail. from: Off. of Endang.
& Nongame Species, WI Dept. Nat. Resour., Box 7921, Madison 53707.
34 Sather, N.P. 1986. Lespedeza leptostachya (Prairie bush-clover)
monitoring at Morton, Minnesota. Unpubl. data on file at: MN Nat.
Heritage Program, MN Dept. of Nat. Resour., Box 7, 500 Lafayette
Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
35 Dana, R. 1985. Pers. comm. MN Nat. Heritage Program, MN Dept. of
Nat. Resour., Box 7, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
36 Smith, W.R. and N.P. Sather. 1986. Lespedeza leptostachya
(Prairie bush-clover) phenology data at Kilen Woods State Park,
Minnesota. Unpubl. data on file: MN Nat. Heritage Prog., MN Dept.
Nat. Resour., Box 7, 500 Lafayette Rd., St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
37 Dunn, W. 1986. Pers. comm. Seed Analysis Laboratory, MN Dept. of
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
Agriculture.
38 Parsons, T. 1986. Personal communication. Holden Arboretum.
39 Baskin, J. and C. Baskin. 1986. Personal communication. Dept. of
Biology, University of Kentucky.
40 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1983. Soil survey of Kossuth
County, Iowa. Soil Conservation Service. 185 pp. + maps.
41 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1984. Soil survey of Story
County, Iowa. Soil Conservation Service. 149 pp. + maps.
42 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1982. Soil survey of Butler
County, Iowa. Soil Conservation Service. 209 pp. + maps.
43 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1985. Soil survey of Lee
County, Illinois. Soil Conservation Service. 236 pp. + maps.
44 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1980. Soil survey of Ogle
County, Illinois. Soil Conservation Service. 242 pp. + maps.
45 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1979. Soil survey of Dupage
and part of Cook Counties, Illinois. Soil Conservation Service.
217 pp. + maps.
46 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1968. Soil survey of Winnishiek
County, Iowa. Soil Conservation Service. 225 pp. + maps.
47 Beck, M.W., J.A. Elwell, G.S. Hall, and G.B. Bodman. 1928. Soil
survey of Jackson County, Minnesota. U.S. Dept. of Agri., Bureau
of Chemistry and Soils. 23 pp + maps.
48 Geib, W.J., M.J. Edwards, E.H. Templin, and H.R. Lathrop. 1929.
Soil survey of Pierce County, Wisconsin. U.S. Dept. of Agri.,
Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. 33 pp + maps.
49 O'Neal, A.M. and J.L. Boatwright. [n.d.] Soil survey of Clarke
County, Iowa. U.S. Dept. of Agri., Bureau of Chemistry and Soils.
24 pp + maps.
50 Elwell, J.A. and J.L. Boatman. 1923. Soil survey of Dickenson
County, Iowa. U.S. Dept. of Agri., Bureau of Chemistry and Soils.
39 pp + maps.
51 Gray, D.S. and F.W. Reich. 1923. Soil survey of Emmet County,
Iowa. U.S. Dept. of Agri., Bureau of Chemistry and Soils.
33 pp + maps.
52 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1979. Soil survey of Cottonwood
County, Minnesota. Soil Conservation Service. 142 pp. + maps.
53 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1976. Soil survey of Goodhue
County, Minnesota. Soil Conservation Service. 129 pp. + maps.
54 Tans, W.E. and R.H. Read. 1975. Recent Wisconsin records for some
interesting vascular plants in the western Great Lakes region. The
Michigan Botanist 14(2):131-143.
55 Steyermark, J.A. and F.A. Swink. 1955. Plants new to Illinois and
the Chicago region. Rhodora 57:265-278.
56 Smith, W.R. 1986. Vol. I: Flora. IN: Minnesota's endangered
flora and fauna. B. Coffin and L. Pfannmuller, eds. University
of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
57 Isely, D. 1955. The leguminosae of the North Central United
States. Vol. II: Hedysareae. IA St. College J. of Sci. 30:94-95.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Schwegman, J. 1986. Personal communication. Nat. Areas Prog.
References - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
References - 4 (DRAFT) - References
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
Mngr., IL Dept. of Conserv., 524 S 2nd St., Springfield, IL 62706.
02 Betz, R. 1983. [Letter addressed to Mr. John Schwegman, Nat.
Areas Prog. Mngr., IL Dept. of Conserv.]. On file at: IL Dept. of
Conser., 524 South 2nd Street, Springfield, IL 62706.
03 Watson, W.C. 1983. Status report of Lespedeza leptostachya in
Iowa. IA Conserv. Comm., Wallace Ste. Off. Bldg., Des Moines, Iowa
50319.
04 Wilson, L.G. 1985. [Letter addressed to Mr. James Engel, Endg.
Sp. Coordinator, U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv. (USFWS), Twin Cities,
MN]. Avail. from: USFWS, Endg. Sp. Field Off., Twin Cities, MN.
05 Nekola, J. 1985. A summary of baseline information from a study
of the response of Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm. to fire
management of the Freda Hafner Kettlehole Preserve, Dickenson
County, Iowa. Avail. from: The Nat. Conserv., IA Field Off.
06 Roosa, D. 1986. Personal communication. IA Conserv. Comm.,
Wallace State Off. Bldg., Des Moines, Iowa 50319.
07 Converse, C. and K. Wendt. 1983. Relevent data for Polzin SE SE
Sec. 5, T107N, R35W. Avail. from: MN Nat. Herit. Prog., MN Dept.
of Nat. Res., Box 7, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
08 Smith, W.R. 1983. Status report on Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm.
Avail. from: MN Nat. Herit. Prog., MN Dept. of Nat. Res., Box 7,
500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
09 Sather, N.P. 1986. Lespedeza leptostachya (Prairie bush-clover).
Unpubl. data on file at: MN Nat. Herit. Prog., MN Dept. of Nat.
Res., Box 7, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
10 Smith, W.R. 1986. Lespedeza leptostachya (Prairie bush-clover).
Unpub. data on file at: MN Nat. Herit. Prog., MN Dept. of Nat.
Res., Box 7, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
11 Valentine, E.H. 1985. Monitoring Lespedeza leptostachya on the
Thompson property. Rept. to the Nat. Conserv., MN Chapt. Off.
Avail. from: The Nat. Conserv., MN Chapt. Off.
12 Bender, J. 1986. Monitoring Lespedeza leptostachya on the
Thompson property. Rept. to the Nat. Conserv., MN Chapt. Off.
Avail. from: The Nat. Conserv., MN Chapt. Off.
13 Sather, N.P. 1986. Lespedeza leptostachya (Prairie bush-clover).
Unpubl. field rept. on file at: MN Nat. Herit. Prog., MN Dept. of
Nat. Res., Box 7, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4007.
14 Martin, M. 1986. Personal communication. Bureau of Endg. Res.,
WI Dept. of Nat. Res., Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707.
15 Richardson, J. 1986. Personal communication. Dept. of Biol.,
Univ. of WI, River Falls, WI.
16 Benish, N. 1986. Personal communication. Dept. of Hortic., Univ.
of WI, Madison, WI.
17 Alverson, W. 1981. Status report on Lespedeza leptostachya
(Prairie bush-clover) in Wisconsin. Avail. from: Off. Endang. &
Nongame Species, WI Dept. Nat. Res., Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707.
18 Alverson, W. 1981. Wisconsin's critical plant species. Bull.
Bot. Club of Wisc. 13(3):1-10.
19 Kurz, D.R. and M.L. Bowles. 1981. Status report on Lespedeza
leptostachya (Prairie bush-clover). Rept. to IL Dept. of Conserv.
(IDC). Avail. from: IDC, 524 2nd St., Springfield, IL 62706.
20 Morgan, S. 1986. Personal communicatin. MO Nat. Herit. Inv., MO
Dept. of Conserv.
References - 5 (DRAFT) - References
Species BUSH-CLOVER, PRAIRIE
Species Id ESIS703003
Date 13 MAR 96
References - 6