(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
OTHER COMMON NAMES - PRICKLY-ASH and ST. THOMAS;PRICKLY-ASH
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - SAPINDALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - RUTACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - ZANTHOXYLUM,
SPECIES AND SSP - THOMASIANUM,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - ZANTHOXYLUM THOMASIANUM
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
St. Thomas Prickly-ash
Zanthoxylum thomasianum (Krug & Urban) Krug & Urban
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Sapindales FAMILY: Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum thomasianum (St. Thomas prickly-ash) is an evergreen
shrub or small tree up to 6 m tall, the trunk up to 10 cm dbh, the
bark whitish, with thick, stout spines, the bark, wood, leaves and
fruits aromatic (01). The twigs slender and densely puberulent when
young, with 1-2 slender, pungent spines ca 7 mm long at the leaf bases
(01). The leaves glabrous, alternate, up to 13 cm long, 1-odd pinnate
(01). The leaflets 5-13, 1.5-3 cm long, 1.3-2 cm wide, usually with
1-2 spines at the base, the base obtuse, the margin entire, the apex
obtuse or acute, mucronulate, the upper surface shiny green,
prominently nerved, the lower surface pale green, glandular punctate,
with 2-3 spines along the midrib, the lateral leaflets ovate, the
terminal leaflet obovate (01). The inflorescence axillary, less than
1 cm long, few-flowered (01). The flowers dioecious, with 3 sepals
ca 1 mm long, 3 petals 2.5-3 mm long and about 2 mm wide, elliptic
(01). The male flowers with 3 stamens free from the petals (01). The
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
female flowers with 3 pistils slightly united at the base (01). The
follicles ovoid, 7-8 mm long, ca 5 mm wide, splitting on one side
(01). The seed round or ovoid, shiny black, smooth, ca 5 mm long
(01).
Zanthoxylum thomasianum seems to have been collected prior to
1880 but was determined to be another species. In 1896, on the basis
of a specimen collected by Eggers in 1880 in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin
Islands, Krug and Urban described this new species as Fagara
thomasiana (01,02). The species was renamed Zanthoxylum thomasianum
by P. Wilson in 1911 (01,02). Another spelling used for the genus is
Xanthoxylum (22). Another common name for the St. Thomas prickly-ash
is the prickly-ash.
The type specimen is Eggers 293 from Flag Hill, St. Thomas (01,
17). There is a lectotype at the New York Botanical Garden (01).
Z. thomasianum also has been collected by Britton and Shafer (01,18)
and by Vivaldi, Woodbury & Diaz-Soltero (01,19). Specimens of these
collections can be found in the following herbaria: NY, US, and SJ
(01).
Species descriptions can be found in Wilson (02); Britton &
Wilson (03); Little, Woodbury & Wadsworth (04); and Vivaldi & Woodbury
(01). Illustrations or photographs can be found in Little, Woodbury
and Wadsworth (04), and in Vivaldi & Woodbury (01). Knowledgeable
individuals on Zanthoxylum thomasianum are Vivaldi (08), Woodbury
(05), Vives (20) and Diaz-Soltero (07).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Puerto Rico; Federal Endangered
Puerto Rico; State Listed
Virgin Islands; Federal Endangered
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The St. Thomas prickly-ash (Zanthoxylum thomasianum) has been an
Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act - 16
U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Department of Natural Resources
STATE STATUTE: Regulation to Govern the Management of Threatened
and Endangered Species in the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico, 1985.
The government of the Virgin Islands does not have specific
legislation or rules to protect Endangered or Threatened plant
species.
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
The St. Thomas prickly-ash has no known commercial potential.
85/02/11:50 FR 05647/05650 - Proposed rule, list as Endangered
85/09/27:50 FR 39526/39584 - Notice of review of plant taxa
85/12/20:50 FR 51867/51870 - Final rule, listed as Endangered
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Residential
Transportation, communications, and Util
Deciduous Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The following, unless otherwise indicated, is taken from the
species Status Report (01).
Z. thomasianum is known historically from St. Thomas and St. John
in the U.S. Virgin Islands and from three localities in Puerto Rico.
At present, the species is known from one locality in St. Thomas, two
in St. John, and two in Puerto Rico (01,06).
Z. thomasianum occurs in terrestrial areas not considered
riparian in a variety of forest habitats. In terms of the Holdrige
system of Life Zones, Ewel and Whitmore (11) have characterized the
area where Z. thomasianum grows in St. Thomas and St. John, Virgin
Islands as Subtropical Dry Forest. The Quebradillas, Puerto Rico area
is a Subtropical Moist Forest. In terms of the Beard (12,13) system
of classification, all areas may best be characterized as a Seasonal
Deciduous Formation. This formation is distinguished by the low
stature of the vegetation and by having more than 50% of the species
losing their leaves during the dry season. Two strata of trees are
usually found, but sometimes only one is present; the uppermost
continuous strata is located about 5-10 meters high and is mostly
composed of deciduous species. The lower strata, at or below 5
meters, is composed of evergreen species, many with shiny, dark green
leaves. The herbaceous layer is lacking for the most part.
All Zanthoxylum thomasianum plants present in the Subtropical Dry
Forest and Subtropical Moist Forest fall into the shrub/seedling
stand and young stand categories.
Most of the populations are located in deciduous forested lands,
which, for the most part, are not in use. The species occurs on lands
with a land use classification of residential or transportation,
communications and utilities.
The St. Thomas, VI population and one of the St. John, VI
populations are located on rural areas where low-density residential
developments are in progress. One PR population is on the summit of
Piedras Chiquitas. In the Quebradillas area of Puerto Rico local
farmers occasionally plant yams (a tuber) in small localized areas
within the natural forest. This agricultural practice could
potentially affect the species in the future by uprooting plants when
harvesting the yams.
The St. Thomas prickly-ash does not associate with any of the
National Wetland Inventory aquatic types. The unique habitat features
in which the species occurs include three vegetated islands
(St. Thomas, St. John, Puerto Rico), and rock outcrops and exposed
boulders on Puerto Rico.
All the lands where the species is found (except one site in St.
John) are privately owned and managed by their owners. One of the
St. John sites is on the National Park Service's Virgin Islands
National Park.
Regional Microclimate:
The species is present in areas where mean annual precipitation
Habitat Associations - 1 is about 110-130 cm, distributed into distinct dry and wet seasons.
The dry season extends from December through April with the driest
month receiving about 3.2 cm of rainfall in St. Thomas and about
3.6 cm in Quebradillas. A water deficit occurs during this period.
The wet season extends from May to November and the wettest month
receives about 15 cm of rain. A water surplus exists during this
period. Total actual evapotranspiration per year is about 94 cm in
St. Thomas, VI and about 122 cm in Quebradillas, PR (11). Mean annual
temperature is about 26.8 degrees C in St. Thomas and 25.4 degrees C
in Quebradillas. The mean monthly minimum throughout the range of the
species is 23.5 degrees C and the mean monthly maximum is 28.4
degrees C. Diurnal variation may be as high as 15 degrees C. The
easterly trade winds are almost constant, and exceed 24 kph only 5% of
the time. Hurricanes are the most devastating climatic event. Winds
as strong as 240 kph and rainfall of as much as 40 cm in one day are
the most important consequences of hurricanes. Data as to their
effects on forest is meager. Bates (14) reports that more trees are
broken than uprooted.
Geology and Topography:
Prickly-ash is found in areas of volcanic origin as well as in
areas of limestone. In St. Thomas, VI it occurs in areas covered with
basic volcanic rocks. In Quebradillas, PR it grows amongst limestone
boulder outcrops near the summit of the hill. The hill tops of
Quebradillas, although in areas that receive more rain than the St.
Thomas area, are exposed to more sun and wind than the surrounding
areas and sustain vegetation characteristic of much drier areas,
comparable to St. Thomas.
Soil:
In St. Thomas this species is found growing on soils of the
Cramer series. This "consists of moderately sloping to steep, well
drained soils that are shallow over partially weathered, basic
volcanic rocks" (15). The surface layer is 17 to 23 cm thick and the
depth to hard rock varies from 25 to 50 cm. In Quebradillas it grows
on limestone outcrops, areas characterized by good drainage, exposed
limestone, and little or no soil.
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
The St. Thomas prickly-ash (Zanthoxylum thomasianum) is a
shrub-tree in form (01).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (01,04,06).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Z. thomasianum reproduces by sexual means (01,04).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Nothing is known.
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Dioecious (01,04,06).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Pollen is disseminated by wind and seed by birds (01).
SEED BIOLOGY:
Unknown.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
The Z. thomasianum population on Flag Hill, St. Thomas covers an
area of 100 acres (01). There could be approximately 300 individual
plants. Only one plant is extant in the Coamo-Piedras Chiquitas area.
On the Guajataca Gorge site there are two plants in an area probably
covering less than 10 sq. meters (01).
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
The following, unless otherwise indicated, is taken from the
species Status Report (01).
Prickly-ash is found in areas of volcanic origin as well as in
areas of limestone. In St. Thomas, VI, it occurs in areas covered
with basic volcanic rocks on a steep ravine near the sea. In
Quebradillas it grows amongst limestone outcrops near the summit of
the hill. The hill tops of Quebradillas, although in areas that
receive more rain than the St. Thomas area, are exposed to more sun
and wind than the surrounding areas and sustain vegetation
characteristic of much drier areas, comparable to St. Thomas.
Soil:
In St. Thomas this species is found growing on soils of the
Cramer series. This "consists of moderately sloping to steep, well
drained soils that are shallow over partially weathered, basic
volcanic rocks" (15). The surface layer is 17 to 23 cm thick and the
depth to hard rock varies from 25 to 50 cm. In Quebradillas it grows
on limestone outcrops, areas characterized by good drainage, exposed
limestone, and little or no soil.
TROPHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic (01).
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
The St. Thomas prickly-ash is a component of its vegetative
community (01).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
The common species found in the areas where Z. thomasianum occurs
are: Guettarda elliptica, Acacia muricata, Bursera simaruba, Croton
rigidus, Anthacanthus spinosus, Tabebuia heterophylla, Crossopetalum
rhacoma, Lascianthus divaricatus, Coccoloba macrostachya, Bourreria
succulenta, and Agave missionum (01). The only Federally listed
Endangered species found in the same area as Z. thomasianum are the
Puerto Rico boa (Epicrates inornatus) and beautiful goetzea (Goetzea
elegans) (01,08). Another plant species recommended for National
listing, Polygala cowellii, is also found in the Quebradillas area
(01).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
None.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Maintaining Sperm/Seed Banks
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Transplanting Wild Eggs/Wild Seeds
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Existing Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Existing Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Forest Alteration
Existing Forest Alteration
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
There are 3 major reasons for the Endangered status of
Zanthoxylum thomasianum: habitat destruction or alteration (01,05,
06); inadequate regulatory mechanisms (01,06); and other natural
factors (01,05,06).
Modification and destruction of habitat appears to be the most
serious threat to the species (01,05,06), especially in St. Thomas and
St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, and in Coamo, Puerto Rico. The St.
Thomas population is located in an area close to the capital,
Charlotte Amalie, and to some of the principal hotel complexes serving
the tourist trade. The plants are located on property of potential
importance to tourism on a small island where land value is high.
This particular area has been subdivided into lots, and plans to clear
the lots and build are under way. The principal St. John site, with
about 50 individuals is located in the Gift Hill area of Fish Bay
Estates. This area has also been subdivided into lots. Only one
specimen is known to exist in the other location on St. John. That
plant occurs north of Salt Pond Bay on land which is not in use.
Subdivision and development of the land, unless done with
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
consideration and care, could either destroy or substantially modify
habitat upon which individuals of Zanthoxylum thomasianum depend. A
population in Coamo, Puerto Rico, was destroyed by activities related
to road improvement and the unauthorized deposit of trash, much of
which was burned, near the road (21).
Another factor affecting Zanthoxylum thomasianum is the
inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms. The Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico only recently enacted legislation (09) and regulations
(10) to protect Endangered or Threatened species (07). A Memorandum
of Understanding between the Fish and Wildlife Service and the
Department of Natural Resources (DNR) was signed in 1984 (07) to
delegate to the Commonwealth's DNR responsibility for enforcing the
Federal Endangered Species Act. DNR has initiated a modest Endangered
Species program (1985), but it is not working on Z. thomasianum at
present (1986) nor is work planned in the near future (07). DNR has a
list of Rare and Endangered species that includes Z. thomasianum (08).
However, most of the plants are on private lands where most of the
mechanisms that could be used to protect Rare or Endangered flora do
not apply (01). If mining activities become involved, the DNR
presumably could prohibit such activities in order to save a
particular site by making reference to Law 144, June 3, 1976,
"Extraccion de materiales de la corteza terrestre", which regulates
mining activities (06). However, whether or not this prohibition
could be used to control the taking of an Endangered plant would
depend on the interpretation of the law by Commonwealth courts (06).
There is no established precedent, and the protection this law
provides to the species is probably minimal (06). The government of
the U.S. Virgin Islands does not have specific rules or legislation to
protect Endangered or Threatened plant species (06).
There are other natural or manmade factors affecting the
continued existence of Z. thomasianum (01,06). Prickly-ash is found
in small, compact, localized populations. The species is dioecious,
the ratio of male to female plants is unknown, and its ecological
requirements are poorly understood. The three Puerto Rican
populations are small, relict populations and probably too small to
guarantee the survival of a dioecious species. Hurricanes have
affected the species in the past as evidenced by the virtual
destruction of the Piedras Chiquitas population. Individuals in
exposed areas, such as coastal hills, may be adversely affected by
high winds. These factors make Zanthoxylum thomasianum even more
vulnerable to the previously mentioned threats.
Habitat modification can be expected in the future in the
Guajataca Gorge site (01,06). Local residents use the area for
planting yams, which results in Zanthoxylum thomasianum plants being
uprooted. Nearby limestone hills are being mined for fill material.
The hill where the plants are located could be razed in order to offer
limestone fill for sale. These activities could destroy or adversely
modify the species habitat.
Overutilization by man has not been a documented factor in the
decline of this species, but could easily become one in the future
(01,06). The species occurs near habitations. Professional
cultivation from cuttings has been successful, but tissue culture has
not been attempted.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
In summary, specific past and present reasons for the Endangered
status of Z. thomasianum include forest alteration and clearing,
agricultural development, maintenance of highways (roads), development
of rural residential areas, inherent reproductive characteristics of
the species, surface mines, and adverse weather (hurricanes and high
winds) (01,06).
Future perceived threats to the species include the 3 reasons
that endangered it at present: continuation of the habitat
destruction or alteration; inadequate regulatory mechanisms; and other
natural or manmade factors (01,06). A fourth future threat is the
overutilization by man for commercial, recreational, scientific or
educational purposes (06).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. St. Thomas Prickly-Ash
(Zanthoxylum thomasianum) Recovery Plan. Agency Draft. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 34 pp.
There are few ongoing recovery activities for the St. Thomas
prickly-ash. However, recovery recommendations would, at a minimum,
include:
1) Restrictions on non-commercial harvest.
2) Transplanting of seeds or vegetative material.
3) Propagation for reintroduction.
4) Maintenance of a seed bank.
5) Restrictions on land development.
6) Restrictions on road maintenance activities.
7) Land use zoning (Virgin Islands), and
8) Limiting human access.
In addition, land acquisition may be necessary or appropriate
where at least one poulation of this species exists. Ongoing recovery
actions include propagation by Fairchild Tropical Garden in
Miami, FL.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Vivaldi, J.L. and R.O. Woodbury. 1981. Status report on
Zanthoxylum thomasianum (Krug and Urban) P. Wilson. U.S. Fish and
Wildl. Serv., Region 4, Endangered Species Office, Atlanta, GA.
39 pp.
02 Wilson, P. 1911. North American Flora 25:182.
03 Britton, N.L. and P. Wilson. 1924. Scientific survey of Porto
Rico and the Virgin Islands 5:450.
04 Little, Woodbury, and Wadsworth. 1974. USDA Forest Service
Handbook 449. 344 pp.
05 Woodbury, Roy O. 1981. Personal communication. 3665 E Southwest
Quail Meadow Trail, Palm City, FL 33490.
06 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Proposed Endangered status
for Zanthoxylum thomasianum (prickly-ash). February 11, 1985.
Federal Register 50(28):5647-5650.
07 Diaz-Soltero, Hilda. February 10, 1986. Personal communication.
1904 Parque de las Fuentes, Hato Rey, PR 00918.
08 Vivaldi, J.L. February 10, 1986. Personal communication.
Department of Natural Resources, Box 5887, Pueta de Tierra, PR
00906.
09 Puerto Rico Dept. of Nat. Resour. 1983. Amendment to the Dept. of
Nat. Resour. Organic Law, Law #31, Sept. 29, 1983.
10 Puerto Rico Dept. of Nat. Resour. 1985. Regulation to Govern the
Management of Threatened and Endangered Species in the Commonwealth
of Puerto Rico. 28 August 1985.
11 Ewel, J.J. and J.L. Whitmore. 1973. The ecological life zones of
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. USDA Forest Service Research
Paper No. ITF-18. 72 pp.
12 Beard, J.S. 1944. Climax vegetation in tropical America. Ecology
25:127-158.
13 Beard, J.S. 1955. The classification of tropical American
vegetation types. Ecology 36:89-100.
14 Bates, C.Z. 1929. Efectos del huracan del 13 de septiembre de
1928 en distintos arboles. Univ. de Puerto Rico, Rev. de Agric.
23:113-117.
15 Rivera, L.H. et al. 1970. Soil survey of the Virgin Islands of
the United States. USDA Soil Conservation Service.
16 Gierbolini, R. et al. 1979. Soil survey of the Ponce area of
southern Puerto Rico. USDA Soil Conservation Service.
17 Eggers 293. St. Thomas, Flag Hill, 230 m alt., December 1880,
(NY).
18 Britton & Shafer 520. St. Jan, wooded limetone, 150 m alt., shrub
2 m tall, 10-12 February 1913, (NY,US).
19 Vivaldi, Woodbury & Diaz-Soltero sn. St. Thomas, deciduous
seasonal forest on coastal slopes south of Flag Hill. Trees up to
5 m tall. 1980 (DNR).
20 Vives, Miguel. 1986. Personal communication. Quebradillas High
School, Quebradillas, Puerto Rico.
21 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. December 20, 1985. Final rule to
determine Zanthoxylum thomasianum (prickly-ash) to be an Endangered
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species PRICKLY-ASH, ST. THOMAS
Species Id ESIS704008
Date 13 MAR 96
species. 50(245):51867-51870.
22 Benson, L. 1979. Plant classification, 2nd ed. D.C. Heath and
Co., Lexington, MA.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Vivaldi, J.L. and R.O. Woodbury. 1981. Status Report on
Zanthoxylum thomasianum (Krug and Urban) P. Wilson. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Region 4, Endangered Species Office, Atlanta, GA.
39 pp.
02 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Proposed Endangered status
for Zanthoxylum thomasianum (prickly-ash). February 11, 1985.
Federal Register 50(28):5647-5650.
03 Woodbury, Roy O. March 1981. Personal communication. 3665 E
Southwest Quail Meadow Trail, Palm City, FL 33490.
04 Woodbury, Roy O. February 1986. Personal communication. 3665 E
Southwest Quail Meadow Trail, Palm City, FL 33490.
05 Vivaldi, J.L. March 1986. Personal communication. Department
of Natural Resources, Box 5887, Puerta de Tierra, PR 00906.
[Letter to USFWS/OES.]
06 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. December 20, 1985. Final rule to
determine Zanthoxylum thomasianum (prickly-ash) to be an Endangered
species. 50(245):51867-51870.
07 Densmore, David. 1986. Unpublished data. On file at: Caribbean
Field Office, P.O. Box 491, Boqueron, PR 00622.
References - 2