(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
OTHER COMMON NAMES - RATTLEWEED, HAIRY; INDIGO, WILD- and HAIRY
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - FABALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - FABACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - BAPTISIA,
SPECIES AND SSP - ARACHNIFERA,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - BAPTISIA ARACHNIFERA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Hairy Rattleweed
Baptisia arachnifera Duncan
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Fabales FAMILY: Fabaceae
Baptisia arachnifera (hairy rattleweed) is an herbaceous
perennial legume (family Fabaceae) (14). It is from 50 to 80 cm tall
with fairly stout stems, widely branched with the branches ascending
and arising alternately from the primary stem or stems (02). Leaves
are simple, entire, mostly cordate 2 to 8 cm long and ashy green (02).
The entire plant except the flowers is covered with cobwebby, closely
appressed hairs (14,02). The flowers are in terminal racemes 3 to 20
cm long. Flowers are on pedicels 1-5 mm long. Lower flowers are
subtended by foliaceous bracts; the uppermost are subtended by much
smaller bracts (about 3 mm). Petals are yellow; the standard is about
11 mm long and 10 mm wide, and the wings and keel are about 13 mm long
and 5 mm wide. The fruit is subglobose to ellipsoid, 8-15 mm long.
(Entire flower, fruit and infloresence description from Duncan, 1944
(02).
No other scientific names have been applied to this species since
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
it was described by Duncan (02) in 1944, and its status as a species
has not been disputed. Prior to Duncan's discovery, this Baptisia had
apparently not been seen by botanists except for one instance: R.M.
Harper observed plants in 1903 that he later concluded were B.
arachnifera (14).
The scientific name (Baptisia arachnifera Duncan) appears
exactly the same in the Federal Register as it is listed in Kartesz
and Kartesz (10). The species is also known by the common name "hairy
wild-indigo", but "hairy rattleweed" is more commonly used (14).
The type specimen (sandy soil in open, pine woods, July 4, 1943,
Duncan 5693) is deposited at the Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass.,
U.S.A (02). Other specimens are deposited at the Herbarium of the
University of Georgia, Athens, and the Herbarium of Valdosta State
College, Valdosta, Georgia (08,05). A detailed taxonomic description
of the species (including a figure) appears in Duncan's description of
the plant as a new species (02).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Georgia; Federal Endangered
Georgia; State Listed
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Hairy rattleweed (Baptisia arachnifera) has been designated
an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as
amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
State of Georgia.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Georgia
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources
STATE STATUTE: Endangered Species Act of 1973, Section
391-4-13.02-.08.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
None.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27929 - Smithsonian rule, petition for listing
76/06/16:41 FR 24523/24572 - Proposed rule
78/04/26:43 FR 17910/17916 - Final rule
83/12/08:48 FR 55100/55102 - Five year review
85/07/22:50 FR 29900/29901 - Five year review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTRY TYPES
SAF TYPE STAGE CLOSURE
Longleaf Pine shrub--seedling
Longleaf Pine young tree
Longleaf Pine mature tree
Longleaf Pine Old Growth
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Cropland and Pasture
Evergreen Forest Land
Forested Wetland
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Palustrine SS3
Palustrine SS
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Baptisia arachnifera occurs in longleaf-slash pine forests of
the lower Coastal Plain of Georgia (14,08,02). More specifically, the
habitat can be classified as mesic pine lowland forest or pine
flatwoods as described by Wharton (16). It also occurs in
floristically similar but more open pine-wire grass (Aristida stricta)
shrub woodlands with occasional oaks (Quercus laevis, Q. virginiana
and Q. nigra) (14,08). These are considered to be fire adapted
communities (14,06,07,16). These communities occur on broad, low
interstream terraces developed from flat, sandy and loamy marine
deposits (14,11). Soils are sandy groundwater spodosols (suborder:
aquods) and are underlain by an organic hardpan (14,11,16). They are
poorly drained with moisture levels ranging from near saturation in
early spring to dry in late summer or fall (13,11).
This type of habitat often occurs adjacent to and grades into
pocosin or bay swamp habitats (scrub-shrub wetlands) toward the wetter
end of the spectrum and habitats typical of longleaf pine-turkey oak
(Q. laevis) communities toward the drier end of the spectrum (14,08).
Presently, most B. arachnifera populations (80 to 90%) occur in
slash pine plantations (14,08), within its range, it also frequently
occurs along highway rights-of-way, logging roads and utility line
rights-of-way (14,08). The species is also known to presently occur
on a few sites in longleaf pine-wiregrass-shrub communities that exist
in more-or-less natural conditions (though fire has probably been
largely excluded) (08). A small portion of the range of B.
arachnifera is in farmland (08). Although the habitat best suited for
B. arachnifera is poorly suited for most agriculture (13), the species
occurs near the margins of some of this cultivated land which
generally supports corn, tobacco and pasture land.
B. arachnifera occurs on level to gently sloping land (14,08,11).
The only known exceptions are plants occurring on raised railroad beds
and similar features of the landscape (08). Elevations of the sites
of known populations range from 17 to 26 m (55 to 85 ft) (08). Based
on soil analyses on four B. arachnifera sites (11), the species
Habitat Associations - 1
Habitat Associations - 2 appears to require the following soil characteristics: soils that are
sandy to a depth of 0.91 m (3 ft) or more and have spodic horizons
(accumulation of iron and organic matter that often forms a cemented
pan) that usually occur within 51 cm (20 in) of the surface. Soils
low in natural fertility and acidic (pH of 4.2 to 5.1 for the sites
sampled). Soils are poorly drained to somewhat poorly drained and
moderately permeable. Runoff is slow and internal drainage is impeded
by a shallow water table. The water table is within 25 to 102 cm (10
to 40 in) of the surface (40 in) during dry seasons. The following
soil series and profiles were described for the four B. arachnifera
sites by Rigdon (11):
1) Mascotte Sand:
0 to 8 cm (3 in): very dark gray sandy A horizon
8 cm (3 in) to 38 cm (15 in): gray sandy E horizon
38 cm (15 in) to 58 cm (23 in): dark reddish brown sandy Bh
horizon
58 cm (23 in) to 117 cm (46 in): pale brown sandy E' horizon
117 cm (46 in) to 216 cm (85 in) or more: grayish loamy Bt
2) Rigdon Sand:
0 to 18 cm (7 in): very dark gray sandy A horizon
18 cm (7 in) to 64 cm (25 in): dark brown sandy Bh horizon
64 cm (25 in) to 89 cm (35 in): pale yellow sandy E horizon
89 cm (35 in) to 191 cm (75 in) or more: light gray loamy Bt
horizon mottled with brown.
3) Sapelo Fine Sand:
1 to 10 cm (4 in): black sandy A horizon
10 cm (4 in) to 51 cm (20 in): light gray sandy E horizon
51 cm (20 in) to 76 cm (30 in): sandy dark brown Bh horizon
76 cm (30 in) to 114 cm (45 in): pale yellow sandy E' horizon
114 cm (45 in) to 216 cm (85 in): light gray loamy Bt horizon
mottled with brown.
4) Pottsburg Sand:
0 to 8 cm (3 in): gray sandy A horizon
8 cm (3 in) to 147 cm (58 in): brown upper sandy E horizon and
grayish brown or light gray lower sandy E horizon
147 cm (58 in) to 249 cm (98 in) or more: dark reddish brown
sandy Bh horizon.
B. arachnifera is also known to occur on Olustee Sand (11,12,13)
which differs in that no E horizon occurs above the B horizon (also
true of Rigdon Sand) and the B horizon does not form a hard pan but is
a friable to only weakly cemented spodic horizon (12). Because of
this, the soil is more permeable (12,13). All these soils except
Rigdon Sand are sandy siliceous thermic Ultic Haplaquods (12). Rigdon
Sand is a sandy siliceous thermic Ultic Haplohumod: it differs in
that it is somewhat better drained (12).
These acidic, nutrient poor sites support predominantly wiregrass
in the herb/shrub strata with fewer and more stunted shrubs than other
similar pinelands (11,04). B. arachnifera prefers this type of
habitat with open, sparse canopy of widely spaced trees and a sparse
cover of larger shrubs (14,08). In these habitats, 60 to 70% of the
ground surface is covered by grasses (mainly wiregrass), low shrubs
and forbs; the remainder is mostly litter (08). The species will
probably grow on more fertile soils without spodic horizons but tends
to be eliminated by shade competition on such sites (especially in the
absence of fire) (11,08). B. arachnifera may require the seasonally
high water table of the spodic soils (11).
Habitat Associations - 3
Habitat Associations - 4 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
The hairy rattleweed is a herb (14,02).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (14). Age at which plants first flower is unknown, but
greenhouse plants grown from seeds did not flower by age two (08).
Based on the large perennial root crown possessed by many mature
plants (14,08), it can be assumed that the potential life span of an
individual plant is rather long (08).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual and vegetative (14,08). Baptisia arachnifera is known to
produce at least moderate amounts of viable seeds (14,08). New plants
can also appear from cut or otherwise disturbed roots (14,08).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Germination is not known but probably occurs from mid-April
through May. Leafing occurs from late March to early April. Budding
occurs from mid-May to mid-June. Flowering occurs in early June to
mid-August but mainly late June to early July. Fruiting occurs from
mid-August to mid-September with seed/fruit dispersal occurring from
mid-September to March or perhaps later (14,08,05,15).
As the information above indicates, the flowering time of
B. arachnifera is known to extend over a wide range of dates. The
data that are available (14,08) suggest that there may be considerable
variation in flowering and fruiting times from year to year.
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoecious (02,14).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Although the plants are not distinctly tumbleweed-shaped, they
easily break off at the base in fall and winter with many seeds still
on the plant and are often carried some distance by wind (08).
Dispersal distances probably range from several meters to tens of
meters (08). Pollen dissemination agents are presumably insects. The
weevil Apion rostrum Say is possibly a major pollinator.
Vulnerability of agents of pollen dissemination is unknown. Wind
dispersal of seeds may be affected by habitat differences. In more
shaded habitats, B. arachnifera plants tend to produce more elongate
and lax branches rather than the shorter, stouter branches of the
rounded form of the plant that is easily carried by wind (08).
SEED BIOLOGY:
A mean of 52 seeds per fruiting plant per year has been given as
an estimate, and the seed production per 100 plants has been estimated
as 1300 (an estimated 25% of plants produced fruit). This is based on
data from seven populations (08). Number of fruit per individual
plant can vary greatly (08). No data are available on yearly
variation in seed production. Number of seeds per fruit can range
from zero to seven; the average being two (14,08). The fruits are
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
frequently infested with a widespread weevil Apion rostrum. The
weevil deposits eggs in the flowers, and the larvae feed on the
developing seeds (14). Data from three sites indicated that an
average of 30% of the fruits were infested with the weevil (14).
Percent germination under greenhouse conditions has been reported as
70 to 80% (14,15). Data on seed viability and longevity are
unavailable. Little is known of germination requirements, but in the
greenhouse very good germination was obtained under moist conditions
with seeds cold stratified (about 37% F) for 15 days (15). These
seeds apparently did not require light to germinate (15). Although
good germination occurred under these conditions, it is not known
whether all these conditions are necessary. The high germination
figures reported were with good seeds, about half of the seeds were
separated out as non-viable (15).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
B. arachnifera populations often contain low to moderate numbers
of younger individuals, with intermediate aged and older plants well
represented (08). Recruitment is somewhat low in most cases, but
individual plants are probably quite long-lived (08). Specific
survival and mortality rates are unknown. Density varies considerably
among sites; values of 33 to 980 individuals per 0.25 ha were
recorded (08). Populations are largely limited by availability of
suitable open habitat and competition from other species (13,08).
Shading and competition often as a result of fire suppression are
considered common causes of mortality and reduced recruitment (14,08).
Site preparation prior to planting of pine plantations is another
major cause of mortality (14). Populations survive this procedure but
with reduced numbers. The surviving plants appear to be stressed
and have reduced flowering (08). The population does not respond to
this release from shading and competition with increased recruitment,
as might be expected (08). After site preparation, sprouts arise from
cut roots, but their numbers are probably offset by the number of
plants destroyed (14,08). The ability of B. arachnifera to reinvade
suitable habitat is unknown, but because recruitment and seed
production were moderate to low under conditions that have been
observed, it seems likely that this ability is not great.
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
Baptisia arachnifera occurs on the Penholoway Shoreline Deposit
Complex formation within the Barrier Island Sequence Physiographic
District (01) on sandy groundwater spodosols (aquods) (11,16). Soils
where B. arachnifera populations occur have been designated by the
following soil series names: Mascotte Sand, Rigdon Sand, Sapelo Fine
Sand, Pottsburg Sand, and Olustee Sand (11,12). These soils are
sandy to a depth of 0.91 m (3 ft) or more and have a spodic horizon
(accumulation of iron and organic matter) that usually occurs within
51 cm (20 in) of the surface (11). These soils are acidic (pH 4.2 to
5.1) and low in fertility. The profile of these soils can generally
be described as follows: gray to black sandy A horizon; gray, light
gray or brown sandy E horizon (not present in Rigdon Sand and Olustee
Sand); dark brown or dark reddish brown sandy Bh horizon (occurs at
greater depth in Pottsburg Sand); pale yellow, pale brown or grayish
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
sandy E' horizon (E in Rigdon and Olustee, not present in Pottsburg
Sand); grayish to light gray loamy Bt horizon, mottled with brown in
Sapelo and Rigdon (not present in Pottsburg Sand) (11). Olustee Sand
differs in that the B horizon with accumulated organic matter does not
form a hardpan but is friable to only weakly cemented (11). All these
soils except Rigdon Sand are sandy siliceous thermic Ultic Haplaquods;
Rigdon Sand is a sandy siliceous thermic Ultic Haplohumod (12). These
soils are poorly drained to somewhat poorly drained and moderately
permeable with Rigdon sand being the best drained (11). Runoff is
slow and internal drainage is impeded by a shallow water table.
Permeability and internal drainage of Olustee Sand are greater (12,
13). Moisture levels of these soils range from near saturation in
winter and spring to quite dry in late summer and fall (11,14). B.
arachnifera is apparently adapted to the wide variation in soil
moisture that occurs on these sites (08,11). B. arachnifera grows
best on longleaf-slash pine flatwoods with sparse canopy, fewer larger
shrubs, greater light penetration and greater cover of herbs (mainly
wiregrass) and low shrubs (14,08). These vegetational conditions are
the result of acidic, nutrient poor soil conditions and fire (14,08,
11,04).
TROPHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic (14).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Component (08). Relative cover of Baptisia arachnifera in the
community is ordinarily less than 5 percent (08). But because of
their conspicuous appearance, the plants are a visibly noticeable
component of the community. Because the plants are widely spaced and
have widely spreading root systems (14,08), their below ground
influence on the community may be greater than their above ground
abundance indicates. For this reason, the species could perhaps be
considered a subdominant on the sites where it is more abundant.
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
Baptisia arachnifera occurs in plant communities dominated by a
pine canopy (Pinus elliottii in plantations, P. elliottii and P.
palustris in more natural conditions) with occasional oaks (Quercus
virginiana, Q. nigra, Q. laevis) but with a prominent shrub-herb
component (14,16). The most common dominants in the shrub-herb layer
are Aristida stricta and Vaccinium myrsinites (a low growing species)
(08). Other species that are often dominants are: Andropogon spp.,
Lyonia ferruginea, Serenoa repens, Quercus virginiana (dwarf form) and
Pteridium aquilinum (08). Other species that usually occur in the
communities but are not dominant species are: Ilex glabra, Panicum
sp., Quercus minima, Carphephorus corymbosus, Gaylussacia dumosa,
Vaccinium stamineum, Paspalum sp., Pterocaulon pycnostachyum and
Rubus sp. (08). In later successional communities, Ilex glabra and
Castanea alnifolia are also often dominant species, and S. repens
tends to be more abundant (08). These communities are considered fire
subclimax (14,16). Fire reduces the abundance of shrubs and hardwood
trees (14,08,16). B. arachnifera is most abundant in communities with
the early successional characteristics of open canopy and low
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
abundance of larger shrubs (08,14). It declines and may be eliminated
in later successional communities (08).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Baptisia arachnifera is one of the hosts of a widespread weevil
Apion rostrum Say. The weevil deposits eggs in the flowers, and the
larvae feed on the developing seeds (14). About 30% of the fruit may
be affected (14). It is suspected that this weevil may also be a
major pollinator of B. arachnifera (05).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Prescribed/controlled burning of habitat
Beneficial Timber Harvesting
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Maintaining Early Stages of Succession
Beneficial Maintaining Sperm/Seed Banks
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Suppressing wildfire
Existing Suppressing wildfire
Adverse Forest Alteration
Existing Forest Alteration
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Populations of B. arachnifera have apparently declined in the
past few decades, although the range has remained essentially the
same (03,14). During this time, changes in the use of fire and
increased cutting and establishing of pine plantations have apparently
adversely affected B. arachnifera (08,14). In the past, wildfires and
use of fire by man maintained habitat suitable for B. arachnifera (14,
08). Suppression of fire has resulted in increased competition from
shrubs which is considered to be a major factor responsible for
reduction in abundance of B. arachnifera (14). Fire is still used for
forest management, but the frequency and time of year of burning may
not be beneficial to B. arachnifera (14,08). Most of the land on
which B. arachnifera occurs is owned by forest products companies.
Thus, the impact of forest management on B. arachnifera will be a
major determinant of the species total abundance in the future and has
probably considerably affected its present abundance (14,08). Hairy
rattleweed populations are able to survive clear cutting, but site
preparation and replanting severely impact populations (14,08,10).
However, there is some evidence to suggest that many plants survive
these practices (08). Although site preparation is detrimental,
B. arachnifera benefits from the increased light penetration
associated with young pine plantations (14,08). Because the total
range of B. arachnifera is and has been quite small (14,08),
detrimental land management practices that are commonly used
throughout this small area could genuinely threaten the species with
extinction. Some populations of B. arachnifera occur on populated
rural lands with small scale farming. Clearing and plowing will
destroy populations, although plants may reinvade old fields (08).
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
This is not a major factor affecting the survival of the species
because the area affected by farming is a small part of the species
range (08).
Possible future threats to the species include: Herbicide use,
if increased considerably over present levels of use (08) and drainage
of adjacent wetlands which could affect B. arachnifera by affecting
hydrology (08). Application of fertilizer in pine plantations could
also be a possible threat (08). Draining of wetlands and use of
fertilizer has occurred in this area in recent years, but no adverse
effects on B. arachnifera have been documented thus far.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Hairy Rattleweed Recovery
Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 58 pp.
The Hairy Rattleweed Recovery Plan identifies six major tasks to
be undertaken to reach the recovery goal of preventing the plant's
extinction and establish at least 8 self-sustaining viable
populations. They are:
1. Protect habitat and existing populations of the hairy
rattleweed through cooperative agreements, easements,
memoranda of understanding and/or acquisition.
Implementing beneficial management practices (i.e.
controlled burning) should be undertaken. Maintenance
practices that will protect the species on utility and
transportation rights-of-way should be encouraged (i.e.
control of herbicide and pesticide use, mowing, timber
harvesting and reforestation etc.).
2. Monitor populations and their habitats.
3. Conduct searches for the hairy rattleweed.
4. Preserve existing germ plasm through cultivation and
storage of germ plasm in seed banks; propagules should be
maintained and made available for reintroduction
5. Conduct autecological research and assess pesticide and
herbicide effects on plants
6. Develop public awareness and support.
No recovery actions in progress at this time.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Clark, W.Z. and A.C. Zisa. 1976. Physiographic map of Georgia.
GA Dept. of Nat. Res., Geol. and Water Res. Div., Atlanta, GA.
02 Duncan, W.H. 1944. A new species of Baptisia. Rhodora 46:29-31.
03 Duncan, W.H. 1977. Pers. comm. Dept. of Botany, Univ. of GA,
Athens.
04 Faircloth, W.R. 1971. The vascular flora of central south Georgia
Ph.D Thesis. Univ. Microfilms, Univ. of GA, Athens.
05 Faircloth, W.R. 1986. Pers. comm. Biol. Dept., Valdosta St.
College, Valdosta, GA.
06 Harper, R.M. 1921. Geography of central Florida. Annual Rep.
Florida State Geol. Survey 13:71-307.
07 Hough, W.A. 1965. Palmetto and Gallberry regrowth following a
winter prescribed burn. GA For. Res. Paper No. 31.
08 Humphrey, L.D. 1987. Final report on recovery efforts for
Baptisia arachnifera spring 1986 to spring 1987. In prep. GA
Dept. of Nat. Res., Game and Fish Div., Atlanta, GA.
09 Kartesz, J.T. and R. Kartesz. 1980. A synonymized checklist of
the vascular flora of the U.S., Canada and Greenland. Univ. of NC
Press. Chapel Hill. 544 pp.
10 Kral, R. 1980. Endangered and threatened species of the
southeastern U.S., including Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service.
11 Rigdon, A. 1986. Pers. comm. Soil scientist, USDA Soil Conserv.
Serv., PO Box 797, Waycross, GA.
12 Rigdon, A. 1987. Pers. comm. Soil scientist, USDA Soil Conserv.
Serv., PO Box 797, Waycross, GA.
13 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1965. Soil Conservation Service. Soil
Survey, Wayne Co., GA. 74 pp.
14 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Hairy Rattleweed recovery
plan. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Atlanta, GA. 58 pp.
15 Vande Linde, F. 1986. Pers. comm. Senior Research Forester,
Brunswick Pulp and Land Company, PO Box 860, Brunswick, GA.
16 Wharton, C.H. 1977. The natural environments of Georgia. Res.
planning sect. - OPR GA Dept of Nat. Res. Atlanta, GA. 227 pp.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Duncan, W.H. 1977. Pers. comm. Professor Emeritus, Dept. of
Botany, Univ. of GA, Athens.
02 Faircloth, W.R. 1986. Pers. comm. Biol. Dept., Valdosta St.
College, Valdosta, GA.
03 Harrell, K. 1986. Pers. comm. ITT Rayonier, Inc. Hortense, GA.
04 Humphrey, L.D. 1987. Final report on recovery efforts for
Baptisia arachnifera spring 86 to 87. In prep. GA Dept. of Nat.
Res., Game and Fish Div., Atlanta, GA.
05 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Hairy rattleweed recovery
plan. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Atlanta, GA. 58 pp.
06 Vande Linde, F. 1986. Pers. comm. Senior Research Forester,
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species RATTLEWEED, HAIRY
Species Id ESIS704011
Date 13 MAR 96
Brunswick Pulp and Land Company, Box 860, Brunswick, GA.
References - 2