(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
OTHER COMMON NAMES - GOLDENROD and SHORT'S
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - ASTERALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - ASTERACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - SOLIDAGO,
SPECIES AND SSP - SHORTII,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - SOLIDAGO SHORTII
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Short's Goldenrod
Solidago shortii Torr. & Gray
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Asterales FAMILY: Asteraceae
Solidago shortii is a perennial herb with one to several erect or
ascending stems 0.5 to 1.3 m tall, arising from a creeping rhizome.
Stems are terete in cross section, slightly ribbed, and minutely
scabrid-puberulent at least above the middle. Leaves are alternate,
crowded, 5-10 cm long and 0.6-1.5 cm wide. They are firm,
oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, remotely serrulate and
glabrous on both sides. The leaves are largest near the middle and
become progressively smaller towards the inflorescence. Lower leaves
are reduced and usually absent during flowering. The inflorescence is
terminal and ranges from racemose to paniculate with divergent and
secund branches. Heads are 10-14 flowered on puberulent stalks
usually 5 mm or less in length. The involucre is 4-6 mm long and 3 mm
wide with imbricate, coriacious and glabrous phyllaries. Ray florets
are 4-8 and 2.5-3.0 mm long. The corollas are elliptic-linear with
bright yellow ligules about 2 mm long. The disc florets are also
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
bright yellow with a short tube, funnelform throat and five linear
spreading lobes about equaling the throat in length. The white pappus
is capillary and about 2 mm long. Achenes are cuneate-cylindric,
about 2 mm long, pale brown with appressed, silky pubescence
(01,02,03).
Solidago shortii was first described in 1842 by Torrey and Gray
and named in honor of its discoverer, Dr. Charles Wilkens Short (07).
Solidago shortii T. & G. is the accepted and only binomial for this
species (04,05). No synonyms are known to exist, and there are no
known disagreements on species nomenclature (04,05). The type
specimens (holotype and 3 isotypes) are deposited at the New York
Botanical Gardens, Bronx, New York (NY) (05). One other isotype is
deposited in the University of Kentucky Herbarium (UK) (05). Other
collections of S. shortii exist at the following herbaria: U.S.
National Herbarium (Smithsonian Institution), Washington, D.C. (USA);
Missouri Botanical Gardens, St. Louis, Missouri (MO); Vanderbilt
University Herbarium, Nashville Tennessee (VDB); Kentucky Nature
Preserves Commission Reference Herbarium, Frankfort, Kentucky;
University of Tennessee Herbarium, Knoxville, Tennessee (TENN); and
West Virginia University Herbarium, Charleston, West Virginia (05).
Descriptions and/or drawings of Solidago shortii can be found in
the following sources: Gray's Manual of Botany (02); The New Britton
and Brown Illustrated Flora of the United States and Adjacent Canada
(01); Endangered and Threatened Species of the Southeastern United
States (06); Vascular Flora of the Southeastern United States (03);
and A Flora of North America (07).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Kentucky; Federal Endangered
Kentucky; Unofficially Listed
E: Federal Endangered
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Short's goldenrod (Solidago shortii) has been designated an
Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as
amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
State of KY. Critical Habitat has not been designated.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Commonwealth of Kentucky
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Unofficially listed as an endangered species in
Branson, B. A. et al. 1981. Endangered,
threatened, and rare animals and plants of
Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky
Academy of Science. 42:77-89.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
The distribution of Short's goldenrod appears to be related to
the buffalo traces in Eastern Kentucky. The buffalo traces are of
cultural and historic interest.
75/07/01:40 FR 27824/27924 - Notice of findings on review of status
76/06/16:41 FR 24524/24572 - Proposed rule, list as Endangered
79/12/10:44 FR 70796/ - Withdrawal of proposed rule
80/12/15:45 FR 82480/82569 - Notice of review of plant taxa
84/10/11:49 FR 39873/39873 - Proposed rule, list as Endangered
85/09/05:50 FR 36085/36089 - Final rule, listed as Endangered
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Cropland and Pasture
Deciduous Forest Land
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Solidago shortii (Short's goldenrod) is a species of full sun or
partial shade and occurs in dry, open habitats, both natural and
man-made (05,06,10,11). Habits include limestone cedar glades; open
eroded areas; edges of dry, open oak-hickory woods; cedar thickets;
pastures; old fields; and rock ledges along highway rights-of-way (05,
06,10,12).
Cedar glades, open eroded areas and woodland edges appear to have
been the natural habitats for S. shortii and currently support the
largest and healthiest populations (10). Baskin and Baskin (12)
consider S. shortii to be a cedar glade endemic or near-endemic. Kral
(06) reports that S. shortii occurs in large, glady clearings or in
open woodlands composed of various oaks and hickories. The cedar
glade habitat, which occupies approximately 1,300 sq meters (12) is
characterized by a sparse covering of grasses and forbs with
scattered individuals or "islands" of woody species. The substrate
consists mainly of shallow clay soils with much limestone cobble and
shale intermixed. The open, eroded habitat area (approximately 1,200
sq. m.) (12) is located adjacent to the cedar glade along both sides
of an old buffalo trace (05,10,12). Vegetation and substrate are very
similar to the nearby cedar glade except more weed species occur (10,
12). Solidago shortii also occurs in a powerline right-of-way which
bisects this habitat (10,12). Common associates of S. shortii in the
glade and along the buffalo trace include grasses such as Aristida
longispica, A. oligantha, Danthonia spicata, Panicum flexile,
Schizacarium scoparium, and Sporobolus vaginiflorus (05,10,12).
Common forbs include Aesclepias viridiflora, Aster laevis, Cassia
fasiculata, Desmodium marilandicum, D. rotundifolium, Gentiana
quinquefolia, Hedyotis purpurea, Hypericum dolabriforme, Isanthus
brachiatus, Lobelia spicata, Polygala verticillata, Ruellia humilis,
Sabatia angularis, and Solidago nemoralis (05,10,12). Weedy species
invading these areas include Daucus carota, Melilotus alba,
Symphiocarpus orbiculatis, Lespedeza cuneata, and Medicago lupulina
(05,10,12).
Common weedy vegetation within and along the edges of the open
areas include Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida, Fraxinus americana,
Juniperis virginiana, Quercus muhlenbergia, Q. stellata, Q. velutina,
Rhus copallina, and Viburnum rufidulum (05,10,12). Within the glade
habitat, S. shortii is also associated with at least two other plants
which are considered rare or endangered in Kentucky, Scutellaria
leonardii, and Spiranthes magnicamporum (05,09,10,12).
Historically, open habitat for S. shortii was probably
maintained through natural disturbances such as periodic fires and
grazing by large herbivores such as bison, elk, and deer (05,06,08,
10). Bison, which were attracted to the nearby salt licks, were very
common historically, and large herds roamed the vicinity following the
traces during their migrations. One of the largest populations of
S. shortii occurs in open eroded areas along the remains of an old
buffalo trace and in an adjacent cedar glade within Blue Licks
Battlefield State Park (09,10).
Habitat Associations - 1 Solidago shortii also occurs in and along the edge of open
oak-hickory woods (05,06,09,10). Common trees in this habitat include
Carya glabra, C. ovalis, Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida, Fraxinus
americana, Juniperis virginiana, Quercus alba, Q. muhlenbergia, Q.
stellata, and Quercus velutina (10). At several sites S. shortii
occurs along the edge of the woods adjacent to highway rights-of-way
(06,09,10,11) These sites are being invaded by exotics such as
Coronilla varia, Festuca elatior, and Lespedeza cuneata which are
spreading from the highway rights-of-way where they were probably
planted (10). Lonicera japonica is also invading these sites (10).
Several small populations occur along the upper ledges of large
limestone rock-cuts within a highway right-of-way (09,10,11). These
ledges were created when the hillsides are blasted to accommodate the
highway. The plants grow in thin soils and cracks in the limestone,
and there is much competition from both planted and invading weed
species such as Coronilla varia, Dacus carota, Festuca elatior,
Lespedeza cuneata, and Melilotis alba (10).
Solidago shortii also grows in a dense cedar thicket on the side
of a hill (09,10). This site was probably more open in the past and
may have been a natural glade. Lack of natural disturbance has
permitted the cedars to encroach upon the site resulting in the
thicket. If left alone, the cedars will eventually shade out the
population of S. shortii (10).
Solidago shortii was also known to occur in pastures. In 1940,
S. shortii was reported to be numerous in pastures (08), but only a
few plants have been found in pastures in recent years (10). It is
not known whether S. shortii invaded the pastures or if it was there
before the land was converted to pastures. Some private lands
adjacent to populations of S. shortii are rotated in corn and tobacco
crops.
At another location, a small population of S. shortii occurs in
an old field at the edge of a hay field on top of a hill in gravelly
soil (09,10). The old field is in various stages of succession with
some invading woody species, such as Rhus copallina, Rosa multiflora,
Rubus spp., and Sassafras albidum (10). Surrounding the population
is a variety of grasses dominated by fescue and various weedy plants
such as Daucus carota, Lonicera japonica, Melilotus alba, and Solidago
canadensis (10). The old field was probably in pasture at sometime in
the past.
A population of Solidago shortii, no longer extant, used to occur
on an open, rocky, limestone island in the Ohio River (05,08,09). No
other habitat information is known for this site.
Solidago shortii appears to favor dry, open areas with rocky and
droughty soils, such as cedar glades (05,06,10,12). Sites range from
relatively flat to steeply sloping and most have a west or south
exposure, although some sites have a east exposure (10). Solidago
shortii does not appear to compete well and does better in areas with
a low density or percent cover of other plants (10). It is not shade
tolerant and apparently will not grow in low light situations such as
in a closed canopy woods. Individuals growing in shade appear
depauperate; however they do appear to tolerate light shade (05,10).
Geologically, the entire known range of S. shortii is underlain
by Ordivician aged bedrock, mainly of the Lexington Limestone
Formation (13,14). The main population of S. shortii at Blue Licks
Battlefield State Park is underlain by a tongue of the Clays Ferry
Formation within the Lexington Formation (13). Also represented,
though to a lesser extent, is the Kope and Clays Ferry Formation and
the Tanglewood and Grier members of the Lexington Formation (13,14).
The bedrock is composed of interbedded layers of limestones, shales,
and siltstones which break down into a heavy, clay soil (12,13,14).
The soils on which S. shortii occur are classified as being of
Habitat Associations - 2 the Eden Series (15) and are described as having a flaggy, silty clay
texture with 20-30% rock fragments. This soil has lost most of its
original surface through erosion and is now mostly subsoil material
(15). Depth to bedrock is from 50-100 cm; however, areas that are
shallow to thin bedded limestone are common (15). The soil is firm
and sticky when wet and shrinks and cracks when dry. Fragments of
limestone, shale and siltstone are common. Permiability is slow and
runoff is rapid. Available water capacity is moderate, organic matter
is low, and the soil is medium acid to moderately alkaline with a pH
of 5.6-8.4 (15).
The climate of north-central Kentucky is temperate,
mid-continental with hot summers and moderately cold winters with
precipitation fairly well distributed throughout the year (15). Snow
falls almost every winter but usually lasts for only a few days.
Periodic droughts can occur especially during the late summer and fall
months. Average yearly rainfall is about 112 cm with about 55
percent, or 61 cm falling during the growing season of April through
September. In winter, the average daily temperature is 32 deg. F and
in summer, 72 deg. F. Extremes range from a low of -34 deg. F to a
high of 105 deg. F (15).
Micro-climate conditions in the glade habitat tend to be more
extreme than the averages. Because of its open, exposed condition,
glades tend to be hotter and drier in the summer and colder and drier
in the winter than the surrounding area. However, in the spring, the
soil in the glade warms faster than the surrounding soils because of
the more direct exposure to the sun.
Habitat Associations - 3 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
G Availability of fence rows: roadside ditches and grassy
G
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
Short's goldenrod (Solidago shortii) is herbaceous in form
(01,02).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (01,02). A landowner, with Solidago shortii growing
along her driveway, reported that the plant has come up every year for
over 26 years (10).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual (01,02). Life history information that provides data on
the type of reproduction of Solidago shortii is not available.
However, S. shortii has reportedly been grown from seeds collected
in the wild (16).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Anthesis dates are mid-August through early November, fruiting
dates are September through November, and seeds disperse during late
fall and winter (05,10).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Disk flowers perfect (01,02).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
These factors are unknown, but it has been suggested that seed
dispersal may have been via mud in the hair of bison (08). Although
goldenrod fruits are normally wind dispersed, there is no evidence
that this species is expanding its range by that method (05).
SEED BIOLOGY:
No information is known to be available on the seed biology of
Solidago shortii.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
There have been no known studies conducted on the population
biology of Solidago shortii.
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
The soils on which Solidago shortii grow belong to the order
Alfisols and sub-order Udalfs of the Eden soil series (15). Soil
texture is described as a flaggy, silty clay with 20-30 percent rock
fragments (15). Much of this soil has lost its original surface
through erosion and is now mostly subsoil material (15). Permiability
is slow and runoff is rapid. Available water capacity is moderate,
organic matter is low, and the soil is medium acid to moderate
alkaline with a pH range of 5.6-8.4 (15). Depth to bedrock is from
50-100 cm but areas of shallow soil are common. Bedrock belongs
mainly to the Clays Ferry and Lexington limestone formations of
Ordivician age (13,14) and is composed of interbedded layers of
limestones, shales, and siltstones.
Natural disturbances and edaphic factors may be important in
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
maintaining habitat for S. shortii. It has been speculated that both
fire and bison disturbance may have been important in the past by
maintaining the open habitat required by S. shortii (06,08). These
open habitats tend to be drier and hotter than the surrounding area
and have a fairly direct exposure to the sun. However, some
populations of S. shortii have an east exposure (10). Populations
occur in areas that range from fairly flat to steep (10). There has
been no known research on either the life history or ecological
requirements of S. shortii.
TROPHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic (10).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Subdominant; Component (10). Occurrences of Solidago shortii
range from scattered individuals to dense colonies which preclude most
other plants from the areas in which they grow (10).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
Solidago shortii occurs in both natural and disturbed plant
communities (05,06,09,10,12). It is mainly associated with cedar
glades and other open areas dominated by a variety of native grasses
and forbs but also occurs in open oak-hickory woods. Disturbed
communities such as road-cuts and old fields are composed of many
alien species with some native species. All of these communities are
successional in nature and without some form of periodic disturbance
will eventually succeed to oak-hickory forest. Succession in the
natural communities is very slow due to edaphic factors such as thin,
droughty, poor quality soils, while succession in the disturbed
communities will proceed quickly to the woody stages without continued
disturbance. The natural habitat for Solidago shortii, cedar glades,
is not represented in any of the habitat associations checklists. A
category for "glades" should be included on the Unique Habitat
Association checklist.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
None.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Prescribed/controlled burning of habitat
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Maintaining Later Stages of Succession
Beneficial Maintaining Early Stages of Succession
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Nonnative Vegetation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Native Vegetation
Beneficial Maintaining Sperm/Seed Banks
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting Wild Eggs/Wild Seeds
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Artillery/Explosions
Existing Artillery/Explosions
Adverse Hiking/Camping
Existing Hiking/Camping
Adverse Transmission Lines/Towers
Existing Transmission Lines/Towers
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Applying herbicides
Existing Applying herbicides
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Suppressing wildfire
Existing Suppressing wildfire
Adverse Forest Alteration
Existing Forest Alteration
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Solidago shortii (Short's goldenrod) is a species of full sun or
partial shade and occurs in dry, open habitats, both natural and
man-made (05,06,10,11). Habits include: limestone cedar glades; open
eroded areas; edges of dry, open oak-hickory woods; cedar thickets;
pastures; old fields; and rock ledges along highway rights-of-way
(05,06,10,12).
Cedar glades, open eroded areas and woodland edges appear to have
been the natural habitats for S. shortii and currently support the
largest and healthiest populations (10).
The primary reasons for the current status of Solidago shortii
are habitat destruction or alteration and possibly other natural or
man-made factors such as fire suppression and the elimination of Bison
(05,06,08). Based on historic records (or the lack of them), it
appears that S. shortii has never been a widespread or common plant.
The limited known population has been further reduced by human
activities (05,10). Historically, S. shortii was known from only two
areas of Kentucky: Rock Island in the Ohio River, Jefferson County;
and about 160 km to the east in the vicinity of Blue Licks, in
Robertson, Nicholas, and Fleming Counties (05,08,09).
The historic distribution of S. shortii may have been correlated
with disturbance caused by bison which helped maintain open habitat
and may have played a role in the dispersal of its fruit (08). It has
also been suggested that fire may have influenced its past
distribution by maintaining woodland openings which provide habitat
for S. shortii. (06,08). With the elimination of bison and
suppression of fire shortly after the settlement of Kentucky,
secondary succession may have caused changes in the vegetation
composition of these openings until a closed canopy woodland
developed, thus eliminating the shade intolerant S. shortii.
Succession is currently a problem in several sites where S. shortii
occurs (10).
The Rock Island population was first discovered in 1840 (08) and
last documented in the 1860's (05). Although the exact reason for its
extirpation from this site is unknown, it apparently disappeared
during the rapid growth of the city of Louisville, and habitat
destruction or alteration can be assumed (10). Today the entire
island is gone, having been destroyed by blasting during constrution
of one of several locks and dams in the vicinity.
Solidago shortii was discovered in the Blue Licks area in 1939,
and numerous occurrences were reported on rocky slopes and in pastures
(08). Today only nine occurrences are known to exist (09,10). The
exact reason for this decline is not known; however, many land-use
changes have occurred in the area since discovery of the plant.
Continued heavy grazing and pasture improvement, which is still common
around Blue Licks, may have been a factor in the decline and
disappearance of S. shortii from pasture areas. Managing and clearing
of woodland for pasture and other uses has also undoubtedly had a
negative impact on S. shortii. It is also likely that road
construction has had a negative impact on S. shortii in the Blue Licks
vicinity. Several populations appear to have been fragmented or
possibly destroyed (10). On the other hand, creation of rock-cuts
during road construction may have created habitat into which
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
S. shortii has spread. Several populations which occur along road
rights-of-way may be negatively impacted by road maintenance practices
such as mowing at the wrong time of year and spraying of herbicides.
The construction of a powerline may have negatively impacted one
population. Periodic maintenance of the right-of-way may cause damage
to the population especially if herbicides are used. However, if
maintenance is carefully done, it may benefit the species by opening
up additional habitat. In the 1970's, a major population in the Blue
Licks Battlefield State Park was destroyed during construction of a
campground (05).
Currently, recreational use (hiking and camping) threatens some
populations of S. shortii. Competition with exotic plants such as
Fustuca elatior, Coronilla varia, and Lonicera japonica is presently
impacting and possibly eliminating some populations of S. shortii
(10).
Other unknown factors may be influencing the status of
S. shortii. Because of the few known populations and relatively small
number of individuals, a low gene pool may be a factor affecting
current populations (10).
Future threats to the remaining populations of S. shortii will
probably consist of the same threats that currently are affecting the
species. Increased visitor usage of Blue Licks Battlefield State
Park will undoubtedly place more pressure on the plant populations,
both directly through possible trampling and through development of
additional recreational facilities. Futher changes in land use, such
as more intensive agricultural activities and additional road or other
construction could impact or eliminate S. shortii populations (10).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
A contract for preparation of a recovery plan was issued in
FY86(4).
The first task which must be completed is the preparation of a
recovery plan. Searches for additional populations must be conducted.
Permanent plots must be established and regularly monitored in each
population. The biotic and abiotic factors of the species habitat
must be determined. Demographic studies must be completed. A seed
bank with seeds from each population must be established. It may be
necessary to propagate plants for reintroduction to suitable habitats,
or reintroduce wild plants or seeds if feasable. Management
guidelines for each population must be developed. Management
guidelines might include control of grazing domestic animals,
identifying suitable agricultural practices, control of herbicides and
other road maintenance practices, and timber harvesting/clearing
practices. Management authority must be obtained for each population
and needed habitat manipulation implemented. Habitat manipulation
might include prescribed burning to maintain early succession stages,
vegetation removal of exotic and native competitors, and subsequent
habitat revegetation and rehabilitation to cedar glade endemic species
types. Limiting human access and disturbance to S. shortii habitats
may also be necessary.
Studies on the life history of S. shortii and searches for
Management Practices - 4 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
additional populations were funded in FY (86) through the services
section 6 program.
Management Practices - 5 (DRAFT) - References
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Gleason, H.A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora
of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Volume III.
New York Botanical Garden, New York. Pp. 434-435
02 Fernald, M.C. 1950. Gray's manual of botany, 8th ed. American
Book Co., New York, NY. Pp. 1409-1410.
03 Cronquist, A. 1979. Vascular flora of the southeastern United
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11 Baskin, J.M. and C.C. Baskin. 1984. Rediscovery of the rare
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counties. Trans. Kent. Acad. Sci. 45(3-4):159.
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glade in Blue Licks Battlefield State Park, Kentucky. Castanea
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13 Blade, L.V. 1978. Geologic map of the Cowan quadrangle,
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14 Wallace, R.M. 1978. Geologic map of the Piqua quadrangle,
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16 Medley, M.E. 1984. Personal communication.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission. 1986. Natural Heritage Data
Base and office records. Frankfort, KY.
02 Evans, Marc. 1986. Pers. comm. Kentucky Nature Preserves
Commission, 407 Broadway, Frankfort, KY 40601.
03 Baskin, J.M. and C.C. Baskin. 1985. Rediscovery of the rare
Kentucky endemic Solidago shortii T. & G. in Fleming and Nicholas
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species GOLDENROD, SHORT'S
Species Id ESIS704014
Date 13 MAR 96
counties. Trans. Kent. Acad. Sci. 45(3-4):159.
04 Braun, E.L. 1941. A New Locality for Solidago shortii. Rhodora
43:484
05 Medley, M.E. 1980. Status of Solidago shortii. Unpubl. rep.
prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA.
06 Sames, James. 1986. Map of the historic buffalo traces in Central
Kentucky. Unpubl. manuscript in prep. Frankfort, KY.
References - 2