(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BONAMIA, FLORIDA
Species Id ESIS704048
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - BONAMIA, FLORIDA
OTHER COMMON NAMES - BONAMIA and FLORIDA
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - SOLANALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CONVOLVULACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - BONAMIA,
SPECIES AND SSP - GRANDIFLORA,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - BONAMIA GRANDIFLORA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Florida Bonamia
Bonamia grandiflora (A. Gray) H. Hallier, 1897
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Solanales FAMILY: Convolvulaceae
Bonamia grandiflora is a perennial vine with sturdy prostrate
stems about a meter (3 feet) long. The leathery oval or ovate leaves,
up to about 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) long, are either upright or
spreading. The flowers are solitary in the leaf axils. The funnel-
shaped corolla is 7-10 centimeters (2.7-3.9 inches) long and 7-8
centimeters (2.7-3.1 inches) across, pale but vivid blue with a paler
center, similar to the cultivated "Heavenly Blue" morning glory. The
fruit is a capsule. This plant is the only morning glory vine of the
scrub with large blue flowers (01,02).
Bonamia grandiflora was first collected by Rugel between 1842 and
1849 in Florida. The precise location of this first collection is
unknown. The species was originally named by Asa Gray in 1880 as
Breweria grandiflora. In 1897, Hans Hallier transferred it to the
genus Bonamia. There have been no other taxonomic treatments of the
species since then (03).
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BONAMIA, FLORIDA
Species Id ESIS704048
Date 13 MAR 96
The type specimens were collected by A. P. Garber in Manatee and
Sarasota Counties. The lectotype is in the GH; isotypes are at F,
FLAS, MO, PH, and US. Other specimens are at USF and FSU (02).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BONAMIA, FLORIDA
Species Id ESIS704048
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Florida; Federal Threatened
Florida; Officially Listed
T: Federal Threatened
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Florida bonamia (Bonamia grandiflora) has been designated a
Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act
of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12;P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. Critical Habitat has not been designated.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act
(P.L. 97-79, as amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it
unlawful to possess any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other
parts) within U.S. territorial or special maritime jurisdiction
(as defined in 18 U.S.C. 7); or to import, export, transport, sell,
receive, acquire, or purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed,
transported, or sold in violation of any State law or regulation. It
is also unlawful to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire,
or purchase any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts)
taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation
or in violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsTble
for management/>ecovery on Forest Service lands. The
Fo>gst Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of FeSerally
listed species ynto txe Forest Planni$g process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the c$ntinued existence of the s=ecies or result in the
destruction or adverss modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out progra}s for the
conservation of the species.
S$ATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BONAMIA, FLORIDA
Species Id ESIS704048
Date 13 MAR 96
STATE: Florida
DESIGNATED STATUS: Threatened
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: FL Dept. of Agri. and Community Services
STATE STATUTE: Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act
Sect. 581. 185-187, Florida Stat.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
Bonamia grandiflora has no economic value, but it has a beautiful
flower that has aesthetic value to people.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/ - Acceptance of Smithsonian petition.
80/12/15:45 FR 82479/ - Notice of Review.
83/11/28:48 FR 53640/ - Supplement to Review of Plant Taxa.
86/11/04:51 FR 40044/ - Proposed rule to list as threatened.
87/11/02:52 FR 42068/ - Final rule to list as threatened.
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTRY TYPES
SAF TYPE STAGE CLOSURE
Shortleaf Pine-Oak shrub--seedling
Shortleaf Pine-Oak young tree
LAND USE -
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Bonamia grandiflora occurs only on deep white sands of ancient
dunes and sandridges in clearings of the scrub and sometimes high
pinelands. These sands are of the St. Lucie-Paola complex, highly
porous, and contain few nutrients. The pH is usually in the acid
range, often being 4.5-6 (07).
All of the known populations of Bonamia grandiflora occur within
or near the physiographic region known as the central ridge system.
To date, most of the endemics in the state have been found either
restricted to these habitats or found to have their centers there.
Indicator species often associated with these vines are Ceratiola
ericoides, Sabal etonia, Calamintha ashei, Polygonella myriophylla,
Quercus myrtifolia, Quercus geminata, Lyonia ferrugiana and several
species of lichen. The overstory, when present, is dominated by Pinus
clausa and sometimes persea humilis (02).
Certain conclusions may be drawn from the few known populations
of Bonamia grandiflora. First, all populations surveyed were
associated with open, sandy areas within the scrub community. It
seemed that this species prefers the sterile areas in full
sunlight in order to avoid competition from the surrounding
shrubs. Secondly, a high correlation may be found between these
open, sandy areas and the number of potential endemics, many of
which are threatened. Polygonella myriophylla, Calamintha ashei,
and Paronychia chartacea were frequently associated with this
species, probably for the same adaptive advantage. Thirdly, it
was noticed that as the scrub community reaches maturity,
encroachment and shading from the pines and oaks causes the demise
of this species as well as other associated white and endemics (02).
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species BONAMIA, FLORIDA
Species Id ESIS704048
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species BONAMIA, FLORIDA
Species Id ESIS704048
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BONAMIA, FLORIDA
Species Id ESIS704048
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
The Florida bonamia (Bonamia grandiflora) is a vine (01,02,03).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial - the plant grows for three or more years (01,02).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual - the plant reproduces by fertilization (01,02,03).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Germination dates: unknown
Leafing dates: unknown
Budding dates: unknown
Anthesis dates: Reported in June, July, and August (5 plants)
Fruiting dates: Reported in late August (one plant)
Seed/fruit dispersal dates: unknown (02).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoclinous
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Pollen dissemination agents: not specifically recorded
Seed dissemination agents: not specifically recorded
SEED BIOLOGY:
The seeds are smoothish, pale brown or greenish-brown, 5-8 mm.
long, oblong, the outer face convex, the inner two faces flat, forming
an angle (02). No other information recorded.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
All populations of Bonamia grandiflora have been associated with
open, sandy areas within the scrub community. It seems that this
species prefers the sterile areas in full sunlight in order to avoid
competition from surrounding shrubs. It has been observed that as the
scrub community reaches maturity, encroachment and shading from the
pines and oaks causes the demise of the Bonamia (02). No other
information recorded.
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
Bonamia grandiflora occurs only on deep white sands of ancient
dunes and sandridges in clearings of the scrub and sometimes high
pinelands. These sands are of the St. Lucie-Paola complex, highly
porous, and contain few nutrients. The pH is usually in the acid
range, often being 4.5-6 (02).
TROPHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic - plant utilizes energy from sunlight (02).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
This species prefers sterile soil areas in full sunlight in order
to avoid competition from surrounding shrubs (02).
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BONAMIA, FLORIDA
Species Id ESIS704048
Date 13 MAR 96
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
Indicator species often associated with Bonamia grandifolia are
ceratiola ericoides, Sabal etonia, Calamintha ashei, Polygonella
myriophylla, Quercus myrtifolia, Quercus geminata, Lyonia ferrugiana
and several species of lichen. The overstory, when present, is
dominated by Pinus clausa and sometimes Persea humilis. It has been
noticed that as the scrub community reaches maturity, encroachment and
shading from the pines and oaks causes the demise of this species as
well as other associated white and endemics (02).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
None
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BONAMIA, FLORIDA
Species Id ESIS704048
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Prescribed/controlled burning of habitat
Beneficial Selective Thinning
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Maintaining Early Stages of Succession
Beneficial Maintaining Sperm/Seed Banks
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Transplanting Wild Eggs/Wild Seeds
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Existing Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Suppressing wildfire
Existing Suppressing wildfire
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Habitat destruction is the principal threat to Bonamia
grandiflora. In Highlands County, 64.2 percent of the xeric
vegetation (scrub, scrubby flatwoods, and southern ridge
sandhills) present before settlement was destroyed by 1981, and an
additional 10.3 percent of the xeric vegetation was moderately
disturbed, primarily by construction of roads for housing
subdivisions (04). Remaining tracts of scrub are rapidly being
developed for citrus groves and housing (05). Habitat
destruction is similar in Polk County, the leading county in the
state for citrus production (06). A careful survey of scrub
vegetation by the Florida Natural Areas Inventory found Bonamia
grandiflora at only 12 sites in these two counties. Farther
north, most of the former habitat of the plant in northwest
Osceola, western Orange, and central Lake Counties has been
converted to agricultural or urban uses. The five known sites for
the plant in Orange County are all on small remnants of scrub
vegetation or vacant lots surrounded by houses or orange groves
west and southwest of Orlando, one of the fastest growing urban
areas in the United States.
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
No date has been set for development of a draft recovery plan
for the Florida bonamia.
Habitat preservation and management, with emphasis on prescribed
burning, will be the main recovery actions. The Forest Service will
need to protect and manage for this species in Ocala National Forest.
Potential habitat for the species needs to be searched to determine
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BONAMIA, FLORIDA
Species Id ESIS704048
Date 13 MAR 96
whether undiscovered sites exist. Stateanda planning and growth
management may protect some sites. Where possible land with
populations, or suitable habitat should be acquired and protected and
managed for the Bonamia. Captive propagation, seed banks, and
reintroduction may be viable recovery possibilities. No recovery
actions are underway.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species BONAMIA, FLORIDA
Species Id ESIS704048
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1987. Determination of threatened
status for Bonamia grandiflora (Florida bonamia). Federal
Register 52 FR 42068.
02 Wunderlin, R., D. Richardson, and B. Hanson 1980. Status report
on Bonamia grandiflora. Unpubl. Rept. prepared for U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Jacksonville, Florida.
03 Myint, T., and D. B. Ward. 1968. A taxonomic revision of the
genus Bonamia (Convolvulaceae). Phytologia 17:121-239.
04 Peroni, P. A., and W. G. Abrahamson. 1985. A rapid method of
determining losses of native vegetation.
05 Lohrer, Fred (Archbold Biological Station). 1985. Pers. comm.
06 Fernals, E. A. 1981. Atlas of Florida. Florida State University
Foundation. Tallahassee. xi+276 pp.
07 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1973. Soil survey special
report, Broward County area. Florida Soil Conservation Service,
Fort Worth, Florida
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 U.S. Fish and WIldlife Service. 1987. Determination of
threatened status for Bonamia grandiflora (Florida bonamia).
Federal Register 52 FR 42068
02 Wunderlin, R., D. Richardson, and B. Hanson. 1980. Status report
on Bonamia grandiflora. Unpubl. Rept. prepared for U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Jacksonville, Florida.
03 Johnson, A. F. 1981. Scrub endemics of the central ridge,
Florida. Unpubl. Rept. prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Jacksonville, Florida.
References - 1