(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
OTHER COMMON NAMES - CACTUS, HOOKLESS and UINTA BASIN
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CARYOPHYLLALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CACTACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - SCLEROCACTUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - GLAUCUS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - SCLEROCACTUS GLAUCUS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Uinta Basin Hookless Cactus
Sclerocactus glaucus (J.A. Purpus) L. Benson
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Caryophyllales FAMILY: Cactaceae
Sclerocactus glaucus is a ball cactus with a squat, ovoid or
globular shape (01,02). The green stems are 3.8-6.2 cm tall, 3.8-5.0
cm in diameter, and range from 2-9 in number (01,03,04). Each stem
has approximately 12 ribs with tubercules protruding 6-9 mm above the
ribs (03,04). Areoles have dense spines which obscure the stem and
are approximately 3 mm in diameter and 9 mm apart (03,04). Glands are
found above each areole (01). There are 1-3 unhooked central spines
about 1-3 cm long with the upper 1 or 2 colored white and the lower
colored brown. The white or brown radial spines range from 6-8 in
number and are about 5 mm long. Flowers are 3.8-5.0 cm in diameter,
3.1-3.8 cm long, and are purple and pink in color. Fruit is
barrel-shaped, with few scales (01,03,04).
Some specimens lack central spines or have central spines which
are hooked. This is particularly apparent where S. glaucus meets S.
parviflorus and S. whipplei in the Gunnison River Valley and the
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
Uinta Basin (01,04,05). These intermediate morphological specimens
and other variations have created some disagreement and confusion as
to which genus S. glaucus belongs. Some confusion also exists as to
the genetic relationships between the Colorado and Utah populations
despite morphological similarities. It has been suggested that if
it can be proven that there are genetic differences between the
Utah and Colorado populations, that the Colorado populations may in
fact be taxonomically correct and the Utah populations may be a yet
undescribed entity (06).
K. Schumann described the species in 1898 as Echinocactus
glaucus. J.A. Purpus in 1925 treated this taxon as a variety of the
current Sclerocactus whipplei under the name Echinocactus whipplei
var. glaucus (05). J.W. Evans in 1939 described this taxon as
Sclerocactus franklinii, now considered synonymous (05). Lyman Benson
in his 1966 treatment of Sclerocactus assigned 6 species to that
genus, including S. glaucus (03,05). In 1972 George Arp placed all
species of Sclerocactus in the genus Pediocactus, but Heil, Armstrong,
and Schleser restored Benson's Sclerocactus (01,02,04,06). In
summary the taxonomic treatment of Sclerocactus glaucus (K. Schum.)
L. Benson is as follows:
-Echinocactus glaucus K. Schum. Gesammtb. Kakt.
-Echinocactus subglaucus Rydb. (determined invalid and never
published).
-Echinocactus whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow var. glaucus J.A.
Purpus, Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Gesellsch.
-Sclerocactus franklinii J.W. Evans
-Pediocactus glaucus (K. Schum.) G.K. Arp
Cultivated specimens may be found at:
The International Succulent Institute, Inc.
J.W. Dodson, Secretary
10 Corte Sombrita
Orinda, CA 94563
Ben Hanes Gerald Arp
Department 77RAB 202 Englewood Drive
1902 Lane Street League City, TX 77573
Topeka, KS 66604
Sam and Mary Heacock
1235 S. Patton Court
Denver, CO 80225
Descriptions and drawings of Sclerocactus glaucus may be located
in "The Illustrated Manual of Proposed Endangered and Threatened
Plants of Utah" (04), and "Proposed and Recommended Threatened and
Endangered Plant Species of the Forest Service Rocky Mountain Region"
(01). Photographs of this species may be located in "A Revision of
Sclerocactus" (03), and "Status Report on Proposed Endangered Cacti
Sclerocactus glaucus and Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. inermis"
(02). Type specimens have been deposited in the Dudley Herbarium of
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
Stanford University, CA, consisting of plant, flower, fruit, and seed
material (No. 255234; type DS 255,234) (03).
Taxonomy - 3 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
Commercial
Non-consumptive recreational
Ornamental
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Uinta Basin hookless cactus (Sclerocactus glaucus) has been
designated a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act
of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the States of Colorado and Utah.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BIA -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Bureau of Indian Affairs
lands.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
BR -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Bureau of Reclamation
administered areas.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
The State of Utah has no legal statutes for the protection of
Rare and Endangered plants.
STATE: Colorado
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Threatened
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Colorado Department of Natural Resources
STATE STATUTE: Colorado Sessions Laws 1977, Chap. 471, Sec. 1
1624, Colorado Revised Statutes 1973, 36-01-101
et. seq.
STATE: Utah
DESIGNATED STATUS: None
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The species was transferred from Appendix II to Appendix I of
CITES.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species is prized for its purplish-red flowers and is sought
by professional and amateur cactus growers. The Colorado population
has lost an estimated 200-300 individuals (25%) of its population to
cactus collectors since 1977. The search for and observation of this
species in nature, especially while it is in bloom, is a high-quality
recreational experience. This rare cactus is a curiosity and a good
photographic subject.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27924 - Notice of review
76/06/16:41 FR 24523/24572 - Proposed Endang. status for 1700 plants
77/02/22:42 FR 10462/10488 - Implementation of CITES, CITES II
79/10/11:44 FR 58867/58870 - Listing as Threatened
82/01/15:47 FR 04157/ - Permit application Mesa Gardens,Belen,NM
83/10/04:48 FR 45255/45263 - Reclassification, CITES II to CITES I
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries,
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Streams and Canals
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Sclerocactus glaucus grows on alluvial river terraces above
the flood plain and, specifically, on gravelly or rocky soils of dry
alkaline hills and mesas (01,02,04,05). The cactus rarely grows in
clay soils or deep riparian alluvium (05). It is found on varying
exposures, at elevations ranging from 4000-5800 ft. (01,02,05).
Slope is typically between 5-30% (02,05). The exact area where the
cactus is characteristicly found is not riparian, however, a unique
feature of the surrounding habitat could be considered riparian (06).
Flooding of riparian areas (i.e., dams and reservoirs) could raise
water levels such that the cactus could be impacted.
Soil series on which this species occurs include E2s1:
Torriothents, Argids, Torrifluvents, Ustolls and Borolls in the
Orthent suborder; M5s: Cryoboralfs, Xeralfs, Xerorthents, and Xererts
in the Xeroll suborder; and M4c: Ustalfs, Orthids, Ustipsamments,
Ustorthents, Ustochrepts, Torriorthents, Borolls, Ustolls, and
Usterts, all aridic subgroups of the Ustoll suborder.
Sclerocactus glaucus is associated with the desert shrub
community containing such species as Atriplex confertifolia
(shadscale), Hilaria jamesii (galleta), Oryzopsis hymenoides (Indian
rice grass), Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. melanocanthus,
sporobolus cryptandrus, Opuntia polyacantha, Ceratoides lanta, Yucca
augustissima, and Guttierezia sarothae (in Colorado) (01,05). Some
populations of this species are associated with widely scattered
pinyon-juniper in Colorado.
Land use throughout Colorado and Utah within the distribution of
the Uinta Basin hookless cactus consists of rangeland for livestock
grazing (mainly cattle). In the area of the Delta population, Delta
County Colorado, land use is primarily sheep grazing in the winter and
spring months. Another land use of the area is as antelope range.
Antelope roam through the area north of Delta, CO., between the
pinyon-juniper belt of the Grand Mesa and Gunnison River.
Agricultural development for fruit orchards is common in the vicinity
of Grand Junction, CO. Stone collecting, now occurring near the
Badlands Cliffs area in southeast Duchesne County, UT., is a popular
activity. Pipelines for irrigation purposes and powerlines with
associated undeveloped dirt roads are adjacent to and transect
populations of this species throughout its range in both Colorado and
Utah. Construction activities relative to oil shale development
including oil well pads for exploration and production, and mining are
also a prominant land use activity in this region (06).
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
Succulent (01,02,03,04,05).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (01,02,03,04,05).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual; by seed dispersal (02,03,05).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Germination dates : No information available.
Anthesis dates: 4/20 to 5/20.
Fruiting dates: May-June.
Seed/fruit dispersal dates: 5/20 to 6/20 (02).
The seeds are released after the fruit separates horizontally
near its base, leaving a "cup of seeds". They are dispersed by water
flow (including rain run-off), or by being carried off by ants. This
is a rather inefficient dispersal mechanism, and may be a limiting
factor in the distribution of Sclerocactus glaucus.
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoclinous (03).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Pollen dissemination agents: bees, flies.
Spore dissemination agents: not applicable.
Seed dissemination agents: water, ants (02).
Water and ants are thought to be inefficient dispersal mechanisms
and may be limiting factors in the distribution of Sclerocactus
glaucus. Dissemination by ants is external.
SEED BIOLOGY:
No information is available concerning seed biology of
Sclerocactus glaucus.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Specific information on the population biology of Sclerocactus
glaucus is not known. There are approximately 15,000 individuals
located in the Uinta Basin of Utah, 4000 individuals near Hotchkiss,
Colorado, and 1000 more near Debuque, Colorado (05). No information
is available on population trends and survival and mortality rates
(05). However, existing populations appear to have a uniform age
distribution, ranging from very small seedings to a few large, old
mature plants (02). Limiting factors include poor seed dispersal
mechanisms, collecting by horticulturists, mining and energy
exploration and development (01,02,04,05). Recovery potential for
Sclerocactus glaucus is high if the species' habitat is preserved and
cactus collecting is controlled (05).
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
Sclerocactus is found on gravelly or rocky soils on hills and
mesas of varying exposures. Elevation ranges from 4000-5800 feet and
slope between 5-30% (01,02,04,05). Specific information on
microhabitat factors is not available. Soil series on which this
species occurs include E2s1: Torriothents, Argids, Torrifluvents,
Ustolls and Borolls in the Orthent suborder; M5s: Cryoboralfs,
Xeralfs, Xerorthents, and Xererts in the Xeroll suborder; and M4c:
Ustalfs, Orthids, Ustipsamments, Ustorthents, Ustochrepts,
Torriorthents, Borolls, Ustolls, and Usterts, all aridic subgroups of
the Ustoll suborder.
TROPHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic (01,02,04,05). There is no known variation in
trophic status.
Cacti have Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM). Carbon dioxide is
absorbed at night, incorporated first into malic or isocitric acid by
a reversible process requiring darkness. At low temperatures the
equilibrium lies toward the acid side, but at higher temperatures
carbon dioxide is released. The lower the night temperatures the more
carbon dioxide that can be fixed as an organic acid and the more that
will be available the next day for photosynthesis. Therefore cacti do
well where there is a pronounced periodicity in their environment,
such as in arid regions (30).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Component (01,02,04,05).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
Sclerocactus glaucus is associated with the desert shrub
community (01,02,04,05). Dominant plant species within the community
include Atriplex confertifolia, Hilaria jamesii, Oryzopsis hymenoides,
and other species of cacti (01,05). This plant community is fairly
stable, but subject to disturbance from grazing, mining, quarrying,
and energy development (01,02,04,05). Preservation of the plant
community associated with Sclerocactus glaucus is important to the
species survival and recovery (05).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
None.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
No other information can be added at this time for the Uinta
Basin hookless cactus.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Regulating commercial harvest levels
Adverse Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Existing Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Adverse Collecting
Existing Collecting
Adverse Commercial Exploitation
Existing Commercial Exploitation
Adverse Gas/Oil Development
Existing Gas/Oil Development
Adverse Underground Mines
Existing Underground Mines
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Transmission Lines/Towers
Existing Transmission Lines/Towers
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The exclusive reasons and major factors in listing the Uinta
Basin hookless cactus is because of threats by collecting for
commercial exploitation and industrial or mineral development (06,07).
There is little evidence that Sclerocactus glaucus is more
restricted at present than in the past (05). Past reduction of some
populations from water development for agriculture and cactus
collecting is possible, but it is believed the present total range is
more a result of natural (i.e., inefficient seed dissemination,
difficulty of propagation, etc.) rather than man-induced factors (05).
Today, commercial exploitation of Sclerocactus glaucus is
considered the greatest threat to the species. The cactus is prized
and sought by many professional and amateur cactus growers, and it is
felt that overcollection has already severely affected the species
(05). Although the 1982 amendments to the Endangered Species Act of
1973 prohibit take and possession of plants on Federal lands, the
lack of conservation laws in Utah is a serious short coming for the
protection of plants on non-Federal lands (05).
In addition to overcollecting, Sclerocactus glaucus is threatened
by habitat destruction or alteration through industrial development.
Mining, synthetic fuel development, and other mineral and energy
exploration (with the associated heavy equipment) seems likely to
adversely impact the species (04,05). Developments in the Colorado
oil shale region could overlap the distribution of the cactus north of
Fruita in Mesa County, and is a continous threat to this species
throughout this region. Oil shale prototype development and
commercial development (including deep mining) would lead to
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
construction activities on State of Utah properties (within 10 miles
of the Green River in Uintah County) that may effect some populations.
An operating pilot oil sand plant 7 miles south of Vernal is also
within a few miles of the Green River in Uintah County, UT, and may
have possible impacts on this species (06,07).
Threats to this species have included powerline construction and
trampling by flagstone collectors.
In the past, flagstone collecting did occur on BLM lands near the
Badlands Cliffs area and threatened the largest, most pristine
populations of the cactus in southeast Duchesne County, UT (05).
However, since the development of the Recovery Plan BLM has prohibited
any sort of rock collecting in areas of known Uinta Basin hookless
cactus distribution. Collectors can potentially trample the plants
and cause general alteration of the habitat (06).
Powerlines transect or are near all known populations of the
cactus in both Colorado and Utah. There is no doubt that some
individuals have been lost to construction activities (using heavy
equipment) and will be impacted by future upgrading or maintenance
(construction activities) of these lines (06). For example, the
upgrading of an existing powerline between Vernal and Bonanza, Uintah
County, UT, would result in construction activites in the area of
distribution of this species.
Future threats to this species, in addition to those discussed
previously, may conceivably include the construction of dams,
agricultural development, road upgrading, off-road vehicles, and
overgrazing.
Construction of dams to provide a constant water source for the
development of irrigable lands, among other reasons, could have an
adverse effect on this species. Past proposals for a series of dams
on the Colorado, Green, and Gunison Rivers may still be a possibility
and if implemented would totally destroy most of the known populations
of the Uinta Basin hookless cactus by flooding (06).
The presence of and future possibility of developing fruit
orchards in the Grand Junction, CO., area possibly destroyed and could
destroy populataons of this species; however, there is no
documentation to support past losses of the species outside of the
fact that the habitat where both occur is the same (06).
Roads associated with cactus populations are mostly dirt trails
and some are used for utility line access (06). Road building and
upgrading (construction), and an expected increase in present off-road
vehicle use in the future, may adversely affect the species' habitat.
The potential for destruction of habitat or individual cacti caused by
off-road vehicles is well known.
While some cattle or sheep grazing appears to be beneficial to
Sclerocactus glaucus habitat, potential overgrazing could damage its
habitat through erosion, trampling, and resultant vegetation
composition changes leading to competition with other plant species
(05).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Agency Draft. Recovery Plan
for the Uinta Basin Hookless Cactus (Sclerocactus glaucus). U.S. Fish
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
and Wildlife Service, Denver, CO. 24 pp.
Recovery actions recommended for Sclerocactus glaucus include
enforcing existing laws and regulations, particularly the Endangered
Species Act and the Federal Land Policy and Management Act as they
relate to the Bureau of Land Management and lands under the management
of the BLM. BLM regulations and policies governing surface management
of Federal lands, particularly U.S. mining laws and the Lacey Act,
should be enforced. Essential habitat should be determined, and a
legal analysis should be conducted to determine the extent of
authority possessed by BLM in regulating surface disturbance caused by
mining and off-road vehicle use in endangered species habitat. The
taxonomic and geographic limits of the species should be better
defined by surveys conducted in areas of potential habitat. The
surveys should include age class distribution, documentation of losses
of the species, and range increase or reduction for each population.
Threats to the species should be analyzed and monitored. Mining
activities should be carefully monitored, and on-the-ground
surveillance of known populations should be conducted by the BLM and
FWS to insure the collecting (both commercial and non-commercial) and
recreational activities do not affect this species. Lastly, public
awarenes should be developed through information and education
programs.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, HOOKLESS, UINTA BASIN
Species Id ESIS706002
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Johnston, B.C. 1980. Proposed and recommended threatened and
endangered plant species of the Forest Service Rocky Mountain
Region. USDA Forest Service, Denver, Colorado. 169 pp.
02 U.S. Bureau of Land Management. 1978. Status report on proposed
endangered cacti Sclerocactus glaucus and Echinocereus
triglochidiatus var. inermis. BLM, Montrose, CO. 7 pp.
03 Benson, L. 1966. A revision of Sclerocactus. Cactus and Succ.
Journal of America. Pp. 53-54.
04 Welsh, S.L. and K.H. Thorne. 1979. Illustrated manual of proposed
endangered and threatened plants of Utah. Bringham Young Univ.
Herbarium, Provo, UT. 318 pp.
05 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Agency Draft. Recovery
Plan for the Uinta Basin Hookless Cactus (Sclerocactus glaucus).
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, CO. 24 pp.
06 England, L. 1986. Personal communication. Botanist, Endangered
Species Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal
Bldg., 125 S. State St., Salt Lake City, UT 84138.
07 U.S. Government. 1979. Determination that the Uinta Basin
hookless cactus (Sclerocactus glaucus) is a threatened species,
final rule. Fed. Reg. 44:58867/58870.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Agency Draft. Recovery
Plan for the Uinta Basin Hookless Cactus (Sclerocactus glaucus).
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, CO. 24 pp.
02 Benson, L. 1966. A revision of Sclerocactus. Cactus and Succ.
Journal of America. Pp. 53-54.
03 Johnston, B.C. 1980. Proposed and recommended threatened and
endangered plant species of the Forest Service Rocky Mountain
Region. USDA Forest Service, CO. 169 pp.
04 Welsh, S.L. and K.H. Thorne. 1979. Illustrated manual of proposed
endangered and threatened plants of Utah, Bringham Young Univ.
Herbarium, Provo, UT. 318 pp.
05 England, L. 1986. Personal communication. Botanist, Endangered
Species Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal
Bldg., 125 S. State St., Salt Lake City, UT 84138.
References - 1