(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
OTHER COMMON NAMES - CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT; CACTUS, FISHHOOK and WRIGHT'S
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CARYOPHYLLALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CACTACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - SCLEROCACTUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - WRIGHTIAE,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - SCLEROCACTUS WRIGHTIAE
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Wright Fishhook Cactus
Sclerocactus wrightiae L. Benson
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Caryophyllales FAMILY: Cactaceae
Plants perennial; stems usually solitary and unbranched, but
rarely clustered, globose to short-cylindric, 5-9 cm tall and 4-8 cm
thick, ribs about 13, tubercled, the tubercle more or less developed,
the scar of the fruiting area above the areole, vertically elongate,
spines not obscuring the stem, the central spines 1-4 in number,
usually darker than the radials, the principal (lower) one usually
hooked, mostly 10-20 mm long; radial spines white, 8-11 per areole,
spreading, nearly straight, about 5-12 mm long; flowers 20-35 mm long,
about 20 mm in diameter, sepaloid perianth parts with pink, brown, or
reddish midribs, petaloid parts white or tinged with pink or yellow;
not widely spreading and the flower thus rather narrow and
vase-shaped; fruit ellipsoid, 9-12 mm long, the seeds black,
tuberculate, 3-3.5 mm long. [Description modified from Welsh (29,43)
and Benson (02,03).]
Wright's fishhook cactus is one of ten currently recognized
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
members of the genus Sclerocactus in the desert southwest (02,05,06,
13,44 in 09). Arp (01) combined Sclerocactus with Pediocactus,
recognizing Wright's fishhook cactus as Pediocactus wrightiae (Benson)
Arp, but Welsh (29) and Heil et al. (07) concur with Benson (02,03) in
segregation of Sclerocactus at the generic level. All workers concur
in recognizing the taxon at the specific level, and it has been
uniformly designated by the name S. wrightiae in inventory and
legislative documents.
Because there is an apparent tendency for occasional
intergradation or hybridization of S. wrightiae and S. parviflorus in
southwestern Emery County (37,42), not all workers have concurred
about its northern distributional limits. Further study is needed in
that area to document the distribution and frequency of parental and
intermediate types.
Mrs. Dorde Wright Woodruff discovered S. wrightiae Benson in 1961
"near San Rafael Ridge" in Emery County (22). It was collected again
by Irving G. Reimann in Wayne County ("Fremont River") in 1964 (31),
and by Lyman and Evelyn Benson in 1965 (14). Lyman Benson named the
cactus for Mrs. Wright in 1966 (02). All type materials are deposited
at the Herbarium of Pomona College (02,38). Descriptions of the taxon
are provided in the original citation (02), as well as in the Cacti of
the United States and Canada (03) and Utah Flora: Cactaceae (39).
Photographs and drawings to aid in identification are provided in
Benson (03); an illustration and brief description is included in the
Illustrated Manual of Proposed Endangered and Threatened Plants of
Utah (43). Color photographs of both plant detail and habitat,
included in the private collection of Elizabeth Neese, have been made
available to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver Office.
Recent collections of the taxon are maintained at the herbarium of
Brigham Young University (BRY) and at New Mexico State University
(09).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Commercial
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Wright fishhook cactus (Sclerocactus wrightiae) has been
designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the State of Utah.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act - 16
U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Utah
DESIGNATED STATUS: None.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
CITES I.
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species provides economic value to cactus collectors, on
both the amateur and commercial scale.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27924 - Smithsonian report
76/06/16:41 FR 24523/24572 - Proposed rule
77/02/22:42 FR 10462/10488 - Implementation of CITES
79/10/11:44 FR 58866/58870 - Final rule - listed as Endangered
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Notice of 5 year review
85/09/27:50 FR 39527/39584 - Notice of review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Industrial and Commercial Complexes
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Mixed Barren Land
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Sclerocactus wrightiae grows on semi-barren sites with widely
spaced shrubs and perennial herbs and grasses (14-36,39). It occurs
in salt desert shrub and pinyon-juniper communities (14-36,39).
Dominant species are often Pinus edulis, Juniperus osteosperma,
Atriplex cuneata, and Atriplex corrugata. Associated plant species
include: Cryptantha flava, Eriogonum, Ephedra, Oryzopsis hymenoides,
and Opuntia (14-35).
This cactus grows from 4800-6200 feet elevation on several
formations (09,14-36). According to label data (14-35), it has been
located on Morrison, Carmel, Entrada, Moenkopi, and Curtis formations,
and on the Tununk, Ferron, Bluegate, and Emery members of the Mancos
Shale Formation. Soils range from clays to sandy silts to fine sands
(09,36). Plants may grow in areas with well developed gypsum layers
and in areas with little or no gypsum (41). Dr. Welsh noted that they
are also found in some saline areas. Most of the soils possess a
surface structure with at least some cryptogamic crust (09,12). The
sites are also littered with sandstone or basalt gravels, cobbles, and
boulders (09,42). The Wright fishhook cactus grows on flat to gently
sloping areas on slopes of various aspect (42).
Information is not available at this time for temperature, pH,
alkalinity, soil moisture, soil profile, percent ground cover, canopy
closure, and cover height.
Sclerocactus wrightiae occurs on lands crossed by roads, and
utility and communication right-of-ways (09). In particular, it has
been observed on a road right-of-way in the process of being graded,
along the Notom Rd. south of U-24 (12). Proposed industrial complexes
within the species' distributional range, as outlined in the recovery
plan (09), may be developed at known and possible population sites.
Any activity which results in surface disturbance of the soil will
have an effect on the species.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G
G
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
The Wright fishhook cactus is a succulent (02,03,39).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (02,03,39).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sclerocactus wrightiae reproduces by sexual means (03,39).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Germination and budding dates are unknown. Anthesis occurs
April through May and fruiting from May through July (03,39,42,14-35).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
This species is monoclinous (or hermaphroditic) (03).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Flowers are visited by various insects, including beetles, ants,
and bees, but nothing is known about the relative efficacy or identity
of the actual pollinators. No specialized dissemination method is
apparent. The seeds are not winged, bladdery, fleshy, or prickly.
Observations indicate that they are gradually released from the
rupturing capsule by weathering and gravity, and accumulate near the
base of the plant; seeds often lodge for a time in the spines of the
plant body. The seeds may be utilized and perhaps dispersed by
rodents, but no data is available (09,12,36).
Since seedlings often germinate and become established near the
base of the parent plant, they may be inadvertantly destroyed if
collection of the parent is made.
SEED BIOLOGY:
No information is available on the seed biology for Sclerocactus
wrightiae.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
The presence of an undisturbed cryptogamic crust appears to be a
limiting factor for the Wright fishhook cactus (09). Where this crust
has been lost the cactus is rarely found. The clustered distribution
of the species in areas of cryptogamic crust may reflect a restriction
to undisturbed habitat (09,12). Causes of mortality other than those
associated with senescence are: destruction of individuals caused by
trampling from grazing animals and by off road vehicles (09,36), and
death caused by the destruction of vascular tissue by a beetle (?)
larva (41). This larva infests the barrel cactus and eats the plant
directly above the rootstock, allowing introduction of decay organisms
and severing the vascular tissue internally. The survival/mortality
rates, population density, population trends, and recovery potential
are unknown at this time.
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
The Wright fishhook cactus grows on a variety of substrates from
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
clays to sandy silts to fine sands (09,12,36,41). A clay component is
almost always present in the substrate, even when soils are
predominantly sandy or rocky (12). The species' moisture requirements
are unknown. The Morrison, Carmel, Entrada, Moenkopi, and Curtis
Formations, and the Tununk, Ferron, Bluegate, and Emery members of the
Mancos Shale Formation all support populations of the species (09,
14-35). Most of the soils possess a surface structure with at least
some cryptogamic crust (09). Where this crust is lost only few and
isolated plants are found (09,12). The clustering of plants in
patches of soil covered with cryptogamic crust suggests restriction to
areas of undisturbed microhabitat. Sometimes the sites are also
littered with sandstone or basalt gravels, cobbles, and boulders (12,
42). Plants occur on flat to gently sloping terrain of variable
aspect, usually in full sun (12,42).
Average rainfall of the area is about 5-10 inches annually (11).
TROPHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic (03).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
The species is a component of the plant community (09,36,39).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
Sclerocactus wrightiae is found in salt desert shrub and
pinyon-juniper communities, often on semi-barren sites (09,14-36,39).
These communities appear to be fairly stable (09). The most apparent
relevant successional trend is one of surface distrubance associated
with livestock grazing and trampling, and resultant loss of
cryptogamic crust structure and increase of erosion (09,12). Current
grazing levels are evidently responsible for considerable disturbance
(12), but levels during earlier decades were much higher and
presumably did comparably greater damage (11). No data is available
to indicate whether the presumed trend is increasing or diminishing in
response to current land use practices.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Unknown.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
Unknown.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Transplanting Wild Eggs/Wild Seeds
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Regulating commercial harvest levels
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Collecting
Existing Collecting
Adverse Commercial Exploitation
Existing Commercial Exploitation
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse Underground Mines
Existing Underground Mines
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Transmission Lines/Towers
Existing Transmission Lines/Towers
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The following discussion is modified from that incorporated in
the Recovery Plan (09).
When Wright's fishhook cactus was listed as endangered in 1979,
principal threats to the species were identified as; 1) amateur and
commercial collecting in response to interest of cactus fanciers,
2) potential use of the cactus' habitat as a site for the
Intermountain Power Plant, and 3) potential for a natural or man-made
disaster to eradicate the narrowly distributed population.
Collecting, as a threatening factor, has been poorly documented,
but seeds and plants are known to have been offered for sale in the
cactus trade (45). Collecting is likely to remain a threat to nearly
all the cacti of the Southwest, especially the rare ball cacti that
are especially prized by collectors. The dispersed distribution
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
pattern of S. wrightiae is, however, to its advantage, since
commercial scale collecting would be time-consuming and scarcely
profitable, and much of its habitat is relatively inaccessible. The
areas where the plant occurs near roads, parks, or off-road vehicle
(ORV) use are probably at relatively higher risk than less accessible
sites.
The degree of threat to the population as a whole is perhaps less
than initially conceived because of our current expanded knowledge of
the taxon's distribution and of its somewhat broad habitat preferences
(09). This much reduces the potential for a natural or man-made
disaster eradicating substantial portions of the population. However,
numerous activities in progress or tentatively planned for areas
within its distribution exist. These are itemized in the recovery
plan (09), and generally consist of coal industry activities,
powerline and road development, ORV use, railroad construction,
rockhounding, urban (small town) development, energy/mineral
exploration or development, and watershed development. Of these,
activities related to coal mining are the most prevalent and represent
the greatest threat of impact to the cactus' environment. Although
activities related to mining and energy development are perceived
largely as future threats, ongoing exploration and preliminary
activities represent current threats. Proposed industrial complexes
within the species' distributional range, as outlined in the recovery
plan (09), may be developed at known and possible population sites.
Any activity which results in surface disturbance of the soil will
have an effect on the species.
A threat not addressed at the time of listing but perhaps of
great significance is domestic livestock grazing. The plant grows
almost exclusively in areas where the cryptogamic crust has not been
destroyed by trampling, and appears to be absent from areas heavily
used by cattle, or showing resultant surface erosion (09,12). The
cryptogamic layer of organic material which stabilizes the soil
surface and strongly affects surface water/soil relations is fragile,
and slow to regenerate following disturbance. It may be that its
presence is instrumental in germination and establishment of cactus
seedlings. Insufficient information about reproductive biology or
historical population numbers is available to evaluate the degree of
threat from this source. Current grazing levels have been stabilized
at a level substantially lower than in earlier years, but grazing may
still cause degradation of habitat favorable for reproduction of the
species.
The Intermountain Power Project eventually was built near Delta
in Millard County and its construction is no longer a threat to the
cactus.
Full implementation of the many energy and development projects
mentioned above constitute future perceived threats, as does continued
or possibly increased grazing utilization. Amateur and commercial
collection pressure is apt to increase rather than wane.
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Wright Fishhook Cactus
Recovery Plan - Technical Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
Denver, CO. 33 pp.
The Recovery Plan is in the agency review draft stage. Recovery
actions in this draft include:
1. Review all activities which may affect the species and its
habitat. Activities of concern include mining exploration and
development energy production and transport, off-road vehicle
recreation and grazing.
2. Enforce existing regulations to control collecting by both private
and commercial collectors.
3. Delineate essential habitat.
4. Conduct public information programs designed to reach both the
general public and cactus collectors and growers. Encourage
conservation from the general public without drawing attention to this
species.
5. Transplant wild plants/seeds out of non-essential habitat when
habitat or plants are threatened with destruction. At least one
self-sustaining population of the Wright fishhook cactus will be
established, and both new and existing populations will be monitored.
6. A management plan will be developed to ensure continued survival
and protection of the species.
No recovery activities are ongoing at this time.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Arp, G. 1972. A revision of Pediocactus. Cactus and Succulent
Journal 44:218-222.
02 Benson, L. 1966. A revision of Sclerocactus. Cactus and
Succulent Journal 38:50-57.
03 Benson, L. 1982. The Cacti of the United States and Canada.
Stanford Univ. Press. 1044 pp.
04 Bureau of Land Management. 1977. Areas of Responsibility and Land
Status Map. State of Utah. 1:500,000.
05 Casteletter, E.F., P. Pierce, and K.H. Schwein. 1976. A new
cactus species and two new varieties from New Mexico. Cactus and
Succulent Journal 48:77-82.
06 Heil, K.D. 1979. Three new species of Cactaceae from Southeastern
Utah. Cactus and Succulent Journal 51:25-30.
07 Heil, K.D., B. Armstrong and D. Schleser. 1981. A review of the
genus Pediocactus. Cactus and Succulent Journal 53:17-39.
08 Meyer, S.E. 1980. Plant checklist of Capitol Reef National Park.
Capitol Reef Nat. Park, UT.
09 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Sclerocactus wrightiae
Benson Recovery Plan. Technical Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. 33 pp.
10 National Park Service. 1981. Capitol Reef Threatened and
Endangered Species Inventory. Report Update: Summer 1981.
11 Neese, E. 1981. A vascular flora of the Henry Mountains, Utah,
with annotated checklist. Ph.D. Diss., Brigham Young Univ. 370pp.
12 Neese, E. 1985. Personal observation. 4478 Zarahemla Dr., Salt
Lake City, UT 84124.
13 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Draft Recovery Plan for the
Uinta Hookless Cactus, Sclerocactus glaucus.
14 Utah: Emery Co., Benson & Benson 16595, 1965. Near San Rafael
Ridge (POM); IN: Benson, L. 1982. The Cacti of the United States
and Canada. Stanford Univ. Press. 1044 pp.
15 Utah: Emery Co., Harris 657, 1980. T23S R6E, Sec. 12, Miller
Canyon, 1 mi. N of I-70, 5760 ft. elevation, alluvium from Tununk
Shale and Ferron Sandstone. (BRY).
16 Utah: Emery Co., Neese & Mutz 11416, 1982. T26S R10E, Sec.1, 5.5
mi. WNW of Goblin Valley Campgr., salt desert shrub comm, Curtis
Form., banded red and gray semi-barren mounds, soil powdery; silty
sand. 5450 ft. elev.
17 Utah: Emery Co., Neese & Mutz 11418, 1982. T26S R10E, Sec.3; ca.
7 mi. W of Goblin Valley Campgr. in Wild Horse Canyon, salt desert
shrub comm., Curtis Form., powdery white silty mounds. 5540 ft.
elev.
18 Utah: Emery Co., Neese & Mutz 11428, 1982. T24S R6E, Sec.19, 0.3
mi. E of Sevier Co. line, 4.5 mi S of I-70, 6050 ft. elev.,
pediment litter on Tununk Shale. Hilaria - Atriplex cuneata - A.
Confertifolia comm. (BRY).
19 Utah: Emery Co., Neese & Thorne 7177, 1979. T26S R11E, Sec.5,
ca. 2 mi. NW of Goblin Valley Campgr., 4800 ft. elev.;
shadscale-ephedra-eriogonum comm., Mancos Shale Form, fine clay
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
soil. (BRY).
20 Utah: Emery Co., Neese & Thorne 7177A, 1979. T24S R11E, Sec.5,
ca. 2 mi NW of Goblin Valley Campgr., 4800 ft. elev.;
shadscale-ephedra-eriogonum comm., Mancos Shale Form. (BRY).
21 Utah: Emery Co., Neese & White 7315, 1979. T24S R6E, Sec.19, 5
mi. S of I-70, 0.3 mi E of Sevier Co. line, Hilaria - Atriplex
comm.; basalt boulder-littered gravelly slope, sandy clay. 6200
ft. elev. (BRY).
22 Utah: Emery Co., Wright s.n., 1961. Near San Rafael Ridge (POM);
IN: Benson, L. 1982. The Cacti of the United States and Canada.
Stanford Univ. Press. 1044 pp.
23 Utah: Wayne Co., Atwood & Goodrich 8632, 1982. T30S R7E. (BRY).
24 Utah: Wayne Co., Deal s.n., 1978. T27S R9E, Sec.22, 23, 26, 27,
Factory Butte. (BRY).
25 Utah: Wayne Co., Harrison 1735, 1975. Notom Rd. 3.1 mi. S of jct.
with U-24, 1 mi. S of Pleasant Creek; gray, sandy soil, near
interface of Morrison-Summerville, scattered, dominant vegetation,
Ephedra, Atriplex, Eriogonum. (BRY).
26 Utah: Wayne Co., Heil s.n., 1976. 5 mi. south of Hanksville.
(BRY).
27 Utah: Wayne Co., Heil, K.D. s.n., 1978. Factory Butte - 2 mi. S
(BRY).
28 Utah: Wayne Co., Heil s.n., 1978. 2 mi. SE of Factory Butte
(BRY).
29 Utah: Wayne Co., Kirkpatrick s.n., 1970. Dry Valley Wash. (POM).
30 Utah: Wayne Co., Neese & Thorne 7199 (1979). T29S R7E, Sec.23,
between Notom & Hwy 24, elev. 5000 ft., sandy soil. (BRY).
31 Utah: Wayne Co., Reimann s.n., 1964. Fremont River (POM); IN:
Benson, L. 1982. The Cacti of the United States and Canada.
Stanford Univ. Press. 1044 pp.
32 Utah: Wayne Co., Reimann s.n., 1965. North of Mt. Ellen, Henry
Mtns. (POM), IN: Benson, L. 1982. The cacti of the United States
and Canada. Stanford Univ. Press. 1044 pp.
33 Utah: Wayne Co., Welsh, Taylor, and Peabody 13094, 1976. T28S
R9E, Sec.5, summit of North Cainesville Mesa; Emery Sandstone
member of Mancos Shale, rimrock. (BRY).
34 Utah: Wayne Co., Welsh, Welsh, & Welsh 16704, 1978. T28S R9E,
Sec.6, west base of North Cainesville Mesa, ca 14.5 mi WNW of
Hanksville, 5200 ft. elev.; Bluegate Shale Form., Atriplex comm.
(BRY).
35 Utah: Wayne Co., Welsh, Welsh, & Welsh 16723, 1978. T28S R9E,
Sec.5, summit of North Cainesville Mesa, ca 13.5 mi. due WNW of
Hanksville, 6000 ft elev.; Emery Sandstone Form., mixed grass-shrub
comm., sandy silt. (BRY).
36 Welsh, S.L. 1978. Status report of Sclerocactus wrightiae, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6, Denver, CO.
37 Welsh, S.L. 1980. Survey for Sclerocactus wrightiae and
Townsendia aprica. For Consolidated Coal Co.
38 Welsh, S.L. 1982. Utah plant types - Historical perspective
1840-1981 - Annotated list, and bibliography. Great Basin Nat.
42(2):129-195.
39 Welsh, S.L. 1984. Utah flora: Cactaceae. Great Basin Nat.
44:52.
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
40 Welsh, S.L. 1985. Utah's rare plants revisited. Great Basin Nat.
45:173.
41 Welsh, S.L. 1985. Personal communication. Life Science Museum
and Dept. of Botany and Range Science, Brigham Young University,
Provo, UT 84602.
42 Welsh, S.L. & E. Neese. 1979. Inventory of potentially endangered
or threatened plant species of selected coal lands of Emery Co.,
Utah. For Bureau of Land Management, Moab Dist., Moab, UT.
43 Welsh, S.L. and K.H. Thorne. 1979. Illustrated manual of
proposed endangered and threatened plants of Utah. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Publ. 318 pp.
44 Woodruff, D. and L. Benson. 1976. Changes in status in
Sclerocactus. Cactus and Succulent Journal 48:131-134.
45 Heil, K.D. 1985. Personal communication.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Arp, G. 1972. A revision of Pediocactus. Cactus and Succulent
Journal 44:218-222.
02 Benson, L. 1966. A revision of Sclerocactus. Cactus and
Succulent Journal 38:50-57.
03 Benson, L. 1982. The Cacti of the United States and Canada.
Stanford Univ. Press. 1044 pp.
04 Bureau of Land Management. 1977. Areas of Responsibility and Land
Status Map. State of Utah. 1:500,000.
05 Casteletter, E.F., P. Pierce, and K.H. Schwein. 1976. A new
cactus species and two new varieties from New Mexico. Cactus and
Succulent Journal 48:77-82.
06 Heil, K.D. 1979. Three new species of Cactaceae from Southeastern
Utah. Cactus and Succulent Journal 51:25-30.
07 Heil, K.D., B. Armstrong, and D. Schleser. 1981. A review of the
genus Pediocactus. Cactus and Succulent Journal 53:17-39.
08 Meyer, S.E. 1980. Plant checklist of Capitol Reef National Park.
Capitol Reef Nat. Park, UT.
09 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Sclerocactus wrightiae
Benson Recovery Plan. Technical Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. 33 pp.
10 National Park Service. 1981. Capitol Reef Threatened and
Endangered Species Inventory. Report Update: Summer 1981.
11 Neese, E. 1981. A vascular flora of the Henry Mountains, Utah,
with annotated checklist. Ph.D. Diss., Brigham Young Univ. 370pp.
12 Neese, E. 1985. Personal observation. 4478 Zarahemla Dr., Salt
Lake City, UT 84124.
13 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Draft Recovery Plan for the
Uinta Hookless Cactus, Sclerocactus glaucus.
14 Utah: Emery Co., Benson & Benson 16595, 1965. Near San Rafael
Ridge (POM); IN: Benson, L. 1982. The Cacti of the United States
and Canada. Stanford Univ. Press. 1044 pp.
15 Utah: Emery Co., Harris 657, 1980. T23S R6E, Sec. 12, Miller
Canyon, 1 mi. N of I-70, 5760 ft. elevation, alluvium from Tununk
Shale and Ferron Sandstone. (BRY).
16 Utah: Emery Co., Neese & Mutz 11416, 1982. T26S R10E, Sec.1, 5.5
References - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
mi. WNW of Goblin Valley Campgr., salt desert shrub comm, Curtis
Form., banded red and gray semi-barren mounds, soil powdery; silty
sand. 5450 ft. elev.
17 Utah: Emery Co., Neese & Mutz 11418, 1982. T26S R10E, Sec.3; ca.
7 mi. W of Goblin Valley Campgr. in Wild Horse Canyon, salt desert
shrub comm., Curtis Form., powdery white silty mounds. 5540 ft.
elev.
18 Utah: Emery Co., Neese & Mutz 11428, 1982. T24S R6E, Sec.19, 0.3
mi. E of Sevier Co. line, 4.5 mi S of I-70, 6050 ft. elev.,
pediment litter on Tununk Shale. Hilaria - Atriplex cuneata - A.
Confertifolia comm. (BRY).
19 Utah: Emery Co., Neese & Thorne 7177, 1979. T26S R11E, Sec.5,
ca. 2 mi. NW of Goblin Valley Campgr., 4800 ft. elev.;
shadscale-ephedra-eriogonum comm., Mancos Shale Form, fine clay
soil. (BRY).
20 Utah: Emery Co., Neese & Thorne 7177A, 1979. T24S R11E, Sec.5,
ca. 2 mi NW of Goblin Valley Campgr., 4800 ft. elev.;
shadscale-ephedra-eriogonum comm., Mancos Shale Form. (BRY).
21 Utah: Emery Co., Neese & White 7315, 1979. T24S R6E, Sec.19, 5
mi. S of I-70, 0.3 mi E of Sevier Co. line, Hilaria - Atriplex
comm.; basalt boulder-littered gravelly slope, sandy clay. 6200
ft. elev. (BRY).
22 Utah: Emery Co., Wright s.n., 1961. Near San Rafael Ridge (POM);
IN: Benson, L. 1982. The Cacti of the United States and Canada.
Stanford Univ. Press. 1044 pp.
23 Utah: Wayne Co., Atwood & Goodrich 8632, 1982. T30S R7E. (BRY).
24 Utah: Wayne Co., Deal s.n., 1978. T27S R9E, Sec.22, 23, 26, 27,
Factory Butte. (BRY).
25 Utah: Wayne Co., Harrison 1735, 1975. Notom Rd. 3.1 mi. S of jct.
with U-24, 1 mi. S of Pleasant Creek; gray, sandy soil, near
interface of Morrison-Summerville, scattered, dominant vegetation,
Ephedra, Atriplex, Eriogonum. (BRY).
26 Utah: Wayne Co., Heil s.n., 1976. 5 mi. south of Hanksville.
(BRY).
27 Utah: Wayne Co., Heil, K.D. s.n., 1978. Factory Butte - 2 mi. S
(BRY).
28 Utah: Wayne Co., Heil s.n., 1978. 2 mi. SE of Factory Butte
(BRY).
29 Utah: Wayne Co., Kirkpatrick s.n., 1970. Dry Valley Wash. (POM).
30 Utah: Wayne Co., Neese & Thorne 7199 (1979). T29S R7E, Sec.23,
between Notom & Hwy 24, elev. 5000 ft., sandy soil. (BRY).
31 Utah: Wayne Co., Reimann s.n., 1964. Fremont River (POM); IN:
Benson, L. 1982. The Cacti of the United States and Canada.
Stanford Univ. Press. 1044 pp.
32 Utah: Wayne Co., Reimann s.n., 1965. North of Mt. Ellen, Henry
Mtns. (POM), IN: Benson, L. 1982. The cacti of the United States
and Canada. Stanford Univ. Press. 1044 pp.
33 Utah: Wayne Co., Welsh, Taylor, and Peabody 13094, 1976. T28S
R9E, Sec.5, summit of North Cainesville Mesa; Emery Sandstone
member of Mancos Shale, rimrock. (BRY).
34 Utah: Wayne Co., Welsh, Welsh, & Welsh 16704, 1978. T28S R9E,
Sec.6, west base of North Cainesville Mesa, ca 14.5 mi WNW of
Hanksville, 5200 ft. elev.; Bluegate Shale Form., Atriplex comm.
References - 4 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, FISHHOOK, WRIGHT
Species Id ESIS706005
Date 13 MAR 96
(BRY).
35 Utah: Wayne Co., Welsh, Welsh, & Welsh 16723, 1978. T28S R9E,
Sec.5, summit of North Cainesville Mesa, ca 13.5 mi. due WNW of
Hanksville, 6000 ft elev.; Emery Sandstone Form., mixed grass-shrub
comm., sandy silt. (BRY).
36 Welsh, S.L. 1978. Status report of Sclerocactus wrightiae, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6, Denver, CO.
37 Welsh, S.L. 1980. Survey for Sclerocactus wrightiae and
Townsendia aprica. For Consolidated Coal Co.
38 Welsh, S.L. 1982. Utah plant types - Historical perspective
1840-1981 - Annotated list, and bibliography. Great Basin Nat.
42(2):129-195.
39 Welsh, S.L. 1984. Utah flora: Cactaceae. Great Basin Nat.
44:52.
40 Welsh, S.L. 1985. Utah's rare plants revisited. Great Basin Nat.
45:173.
41 Welsh, S.L. 1985. Personal communication. Life Science Museum
and Dept. of Botany and Range Science, Brigham Young University,
Provo, UT 84602.
42 Welsh, S.L. & E. Neese. 1979. Inventory of potentially endangered
or threatened plant species of selected coal lands of Emery Co.,
Utah. For Bureau of Land Management, Moab Dist., Moab, UT.
43 Welsh, S.L. and K.H. Thorne. 1979. Illustrated manual of
proposed endangered and threatened plants of Utah. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Publ. 318 pp.
44 Woodruff, D. and L. Benson. 1976. Changes in status in
Sclerocactus. Cactus and Succulent Journal 48:131-134.
45 Anderson, J. 1982. Travel report on cactus investigations, April
28-30.
References - 5