(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - perch, white
OTHER COMMON NAMES - silver perch, silver bass and sea bass
ELEMENT CODE - 04/09/84
AOU CODE - 04/24/85
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - Chordata,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - Osteichthyes,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - Perciformes,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - Percichthyidae,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - Morone,
SPECIES AND SSP - americana,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - Morone americana
AUTHORITY - Gmelin
TAXONOMY REFERENCES - 1270
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
A family of medium-sized to large, perch-like fishes, inhabiting coastal
marine, brackish, and fresh waters in temperate and tropical regions of the
world. Some species are anadromous.*258*
Other common names: silver perch *2633,1638*; sea bass, silver bass *2633*;
this species is not a perch, it is a member of the sea bass family
*1151,2584,1638,2634,2632*; also classed in Serraeiedae *2584,1638,2635*; or
Moronidae *2634* Former scientific name Roccus americanus (Jordan and
Gilbert); other common names : narrow-mouthed bass, perch, sea perch, bay
perch, blue-nosed perch, grey perch, black perch, and gatte *80* Currently
listed by Jenkins *4205* as a member of Moronidae, a small family of
freshwater anadromous estuarine and marine percoids, represented by genera
Morone, with four North American species, and Dicentrarchus, with two
European species *4205* French common name is bar-peche.*40*
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Sport Fish
Commercial
See Comments
Migrant
REFERENCES FOR STATUS - 1202, 2585, 2632, 1151, 2584, 2636, 1371, 2638 and 136
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
Sport fish *1202,2585,2632,1151,2584,2636*; commercial *1371,2638*
Significant commercial harvests of white perch are made from Massachusetts
to North Carolina, with the bulk of landings originating from the estuarine
waters of the Chesapeake Bay; sold fresh as bay perch; recreational fishing
is important for both marine and freshwater populations; adults are
important predators and young serve as forage for economically important
species *40* Important fisheries occur in tailwaters of some reservoirs
and in some streams during spawning migrations *40*
White perch are anadromous *136*.
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Distribution
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
DISTRIBUTION
References on County Occurrence - 001, 013, 019, 033, 036, 041, 053, 057, 059, 073, 085, 087, 095, 097, 099, 101, 109, 117, 127, 137, 149, 153, 175, 179, 181, 193, 199, 550, 700, 710, 800 and 810
References on County Abundance - 001, 013, 019, 033, 036, 041, 053, 057, 059, 073, 085, 087, 095, 097, 099, 101, 109, 117, 127, 137, 149, 153, 175, 179, 181, 193, 199, 550, 700, 710, 800 and 810
REFERENCES FOR HYDROLOGIC UNIT CODES - 001, 013, 019, 033, 036, 041, 053, 057, 059, 073, 085, 087, 095, 097, 099, 101, 109, 117, 127, 137, 149, 153, 175, 179, 181, 193, 199, 550, 700, 710, 800 and 810
REFERENCES FOR OTHER DISTRIBUTION - C
Distribution - 1 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - Aquatic
REFERENCES FOR HABITAT - 2631, 1202, 2629 and 2630
LAND USE -
Water
Streams and Canals
Lakes
Reservoirs
Bays and Estuaries
Chesapeake Bay
Atlantic Ocean Coastal Waters
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Marine, subtidal UB1 N 3
Marine, subtidal UB2 N 3
Marine, intertidal FL2 N 3
Marine, intertidal FL1 N 3
Estuarine, subtidal SB1 N 3
Estuarine, subtidal UB1 N 3
Estuarine, subtidal UB2 N 3
Estuarine, subtidal SB2 N 3
Estuarine, intertidal SB2 N 3
Estuarine, intertidal UB1 N 3
Estuarine, intertidal SB1 N 3
Riverine, lower perennial SB2 N
Riverine, lower perennial SB1 N
Riverine, lower perennial SB2
Riverine, upper perennial SB1
Riverine, upper perennial SB2
Riverine, tidal SB1
Lacustrine, limnetic UB1
Lacustrine, limnetic UB2
Lacustrine, littoral UB2
Lacustrine, littoral UB1
Palustrine
Palustrine UB.
Estuarine, subtidal UB.
Estuarine, intertidal UB.
Lacustrine, limnetic UB3
Lacustrine, limnetic UB4
Lacustrine, littoral UB3
Lacustrine, littoral UB4
Lacustrine, limnetic H
Lacustrine, littoral H
Riverine, tidal UB.
Riverine, lower perennial UB.
REFERENCES FOR NWI - 2631, 1202, 2585, 2632, 2633, 1151, 2584, 1638, 2634, 2636, 2637, 1371, 2638, 2639 and 2640
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
System and subsystem codes
*2631,1202,2632,2633,1151,2584,1638,2634,2636,2637,1371,2638,2639,2640,
2629*; class and subclass code *2632,2633,2634,2639*; water regime modifiers
*2638,2633,2632,2585,2631*; water chemistry modifier *2638* White perch are
Habitat Associations - 1 ubiquitous in estuaries and fresh water ecosystems; essentially estuarine
in original range but have become established in coastal lakes, ponds, and
impoundments *40, 4205,842* Characteristic of creek, riverine, and
embayed portions of estuaries, with largest populations concentrated in
salinities of 5-18 ppt *4205* Prefer areas with fairly level bottoms
composed of compact silt; mud, sand, and clay are also prefered substrates;
soft muck, decomposing organic matter, or gravel and rocks were found to be
less utilized (1956 data); do not depend on vegetation, rocks, debris, or
man-made structures for shelter, since commonly found in open water *40*.
ANIMAL/PLANT SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS -
Bluefish
Striped bass
Parasites: Rhabdochma sp.
Daenitoides cotylopehora
Didymozoidae sp.
Livonea ovalis *2631*
REFERENCES FOR SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS - 2631 and 136
COMMENTS ON SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS -
Parasites were found on fish in Chesapeake Bay
*2631*
The fry are consumed by larger prey fish such as bluefish and striped bass
*136*.
POTENTIAL NATURAL VEGETATION -
065 Northern Cordgrass Prairie (Distichlis-Spartina)
101 Oak - Hickory - Pine Forest (Quercus-Carya-Pinus)
103 Southern Floodplain Forest (Quercus-Nyssa-Taxodium)
REFERENCES FOR PNV - 4205
ECOREGION -
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Plains with High Hills
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Flat Plains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Irregular Plains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Irregular Plains, slight rel
REFERENCES FOR ECOREGION - 4205
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
Carnivore
REFERENCES FOR TROPHIC LEVEL - 2632, 1151, 1638, 2630 and 136
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Polychaetes Adult stage
General Oligochaetes Adult stage
General Bivalve Molluscs Juvenile stage
General Malacostraca Larva stage
General Malacostraca Juvenile stage
General Malacostraca Adult stage
General Crustaceans Juvenile stage
General Osteichthyes Egg/Fetus stage
General Osteichthyes Juvenile stage
General Osteichthyes Not Specified
General Plants Leaves/Needles
General Copepods Adult stage
General Insects Larva stage
General Crustaceans Adult stage
General Cypriniformes Egg/Fetus stage
General Cypriniformes Juvenile stage
General Cypriniformes Adult stage
General Anguilliformes Juvenile stage
General Trichoptera Larva stage
General See Comments; Food See Comments
General Animals Larva stage
General Animals Juvenile stage
General Animals Adult stage
General Animals Egg/Fetus stage
General Animals Not Specified
Important See Comments; Food See Comments
Juvenile Copepods Adult stage
Juvenile Crustaceans Juvenile stage
Juvenile Crustaceans Adult stage
Juvenile Animals Juvenile stage
Juvenile Animals Adult stage
Juvenile See Comments; Food See Comments
Adult Polychaetes Adult stage
Adult Diptera Larva stage
Adult Bivalve Molluscs Juvenile stage
Adult Oligochaetes Adult stage
Adult Crustaceans Juvenile stage
Adult Malacostraca Larva stage
Adult Malacostraca Adult stage
Adult Plants Leaves/Needles
Adult Osteichthyes Juvenile stage
Adult Osteichthyes Egg/Fetus stage
Adult Osteichthyes Adult stage
Adult Insects Larva stage
Adult Crustaceans Adult stage
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
Adult Cypriniformes Egg/Fetus stage
Adult Cypriniformes Adult stage
Adult Anguilliformes Juvenile stage
Adult Animals Larva stage
Adult Animals Juvenile stage
Adult Animals Adult stage
General Squid, Octopus
General Detritus - Organic
General Perciformes
General Atheriniformes
General Gasterosteiformes
General Salmoniformes
General Clupeiformes Egg/Fetus stage
Adult Ephemeroptera Adult stage
Adult See Comments; Food
General Osteichthyes See Comments
Larva Zooplankton Not Specified
Juvenile Osteichthyes Not Specified
Adult Osteichthyes Not Specified
Juvenile Crustaceans Not Specified
Adult Crustaceans Not Specified
Juvenile Annelids Not Specified
Adult Annelids Not Specified
Juvenile Insects Larva stage
Adult Insects Larva stage
REFERENCES FOR GENERAL FOOD - 2632, 1151, 1638, 2636, 2637, 2642, 2630 and 136
REFERENCES FOR IMPORTANT FOOD - 2642
REFERENCES FOR ADULT FOOD - 2632, 1151, 1638, 2636, 2637, 2630 and 136
REFERENCES FOR JUVENILE FOOD - 2642 and 136
REFERENCES FOR LARVAE FOOD - 136
COMMENTS ON FOOD -
9999S=from May until June fresh spawn may make up 25% of adult
diet *2642* Because of euryhaline nature, diet of white perch is diverse; in
estuaries, feed on worms, shrimp, microcrustaceans, young squid, and fishes; in
freshwater, they particularly take grass shrimp, crayfish, insect larvae, and
fishes, and sometimes mayfly adults *4205* Feed on zooplankton as fry and
larger prey as juveniles; also eat shrimp, squid, crabs, fish eggs, and
their own young; after 22 cm, they eat fish almost exclusively; seasonality
and food availability affect feeding habits; zooplankton and insects are
eaten in spring and when these populations decrease, shift to fish fry,
crustaceans, and detritus.
The white perch is a generalized feeder and is benthophagus or piscivorous
depending upon food availability, age and season *136*.
Food Habits - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
COMMENTS ON ADULT FOOD -
Fish, crustaceans, annelids and insect larvae are taken during juvenile
stages *136*.
COMMENTS ON JUVENILE FOOD -
9999S=size of food increases with size of fish *2642*
Fish, crustaceans, annelids and insect larvae are taken during juvenile
stages *136*.
COMMENTS ON LARVAE FOOD -
Larvae prey upon zooplankton *136*.
Food Habits - 3 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Water Temperature: Specified in Comments
G Dissolved Oxygen: Unknown
G Water pH: Unknown
G Turbidity: Unknown
G Total Dissolved Solids: Unknown
G Nutrient [Phosphorus and Nitrogen]: Unknown
G Biodegradable Organics: Unknown
G Substrate: Unknown
G Relation to Substrate: Unattached - normally free living
G Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
G Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Pebble
G Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
G Stability of Bottom: Unknown
G Aquatic Vegetation [specified type]: Specified in comments
G Density of Aquatic Vegetation: Specified in comments
G Gradient: Unknown
G Flow: Specified in Comments
G Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
G Trophogenic Zones: Unknown
G Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Specified in Comments
G Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
G Reservoir Water: Steady-state reservoir levels
G Reservoir Water: Fluctuating reservoir levels
E Water Temperature: Specified in Comments
E
G Water Temperature: Greater than 27 degrees C
G Water Temperature: Between 21-27 degrees C
G Water Temperature: Between 15-21 degrees C
G Water Temperature: Below 15 degrees C
G Dissolved Oxygen: Specified in Comments
G Water pH: Between 5.0-6.5
G Water pH: Between 6.5-8.5
G Water pH: Between 8.5-10.0
L
J
J
G Water pH: Specified in Comments
G Turbidity: Clear water
G Turbidity: Murky water [High turbidity]
G Turbidity: Specified in Comments
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Nutrient [Phosphorus and Nitrogen]: Specified in comments
G Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Mud or silt
G Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rubble
G Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Specified in Comments
G Reservoir Water: Reservoir tailwater
G Water Depth Preference: Less than 1 ft.
G Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
G Water Depth Preference: 5-10 ft.
G Water Depth Preference: 10-25 ft.
G Water Depth Preference: 25-50 ft.
G Water Depth Preference: 50-100 ft.
G Water Depth Preference: 100-200 ft.
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Coastal Wetlands: Coastal shallow fresh marsh
G Coastal Wetlands: Coastal deep fresh marshes
G Coastal Wetlands: Coastal open fresh water
G Coastal Wetlands: Sounds and bays
BA Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
BA Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
BA Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Specified in Comments
BA Flow: Specified in Comments
J Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Specified in Comments
J Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
J Aquatic Vegetation [specified type]: Specified in comments
J Water Temperature: Specified in Comments
A Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
A
A
A
A
BA
BA
L
L
L
REFERENCES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 2631, 1202, 2585, 2632, 2633, 1151, 2584, 1638, 2634, 2635, 2636, 2637, 1371, 2638, 2639, 2640, 2641, 2629, 2630 and 40
REFERENCES FOR ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 136
REFERENCES FOR RESTING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 40
REFERENCES FOR BREEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 136
REFERENCES FOR JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 136
REFERENCES FOR FEEDING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 40
REFERENCES FOR RESTING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 40
REFERENCES FOR LARVAE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 136
Environment Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
REFERENCES FOR EGG ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 2638 and 40
COMMENTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS -
00130S,00140S=prefers clear bed beneath them *2632,2633,2634,2636*;
00170S,00160S=occurs from rivers to lakes to ocean *2632,2638,2629*;
00190S=prefers clear water without vegetation *2632,2633,2634,2636*;
00220S=range from ocean to brackish to fresh water
*2631,2633,1151,2634,2635,2636,2637,1371,2638,2639,2640,2629*; 00020S=can
acclimate up to a water temp. of about 25 C *2641* White perch live in
waters of 2.0 to 32.5 deg. C; maximum tolerable temperature and preferred
temperature vary with location, season, and acclimation temperature; in
some populations mortality may occur if the temperature attains 27 deg. C
for several days; upper lethal (LD 50) temperature depends on season;
preferred temp. is equal to or higher than acclimation temp *40* White
perch adults tolerate pHs between 6.0 and 9.0 in freshwater; turbidity has
little effect on any life stage, but may limit food production and thus
secondarily restrict populations; distribution of species in Blackwater
River of Virginia suggests intolerance of dystrophic conditions; prefer
areas with fairly level bottoms composed of compact silt; mud, sand, and
clay are also preferred; soft muck, decomposing organic matter, or gravel
and rocks were less utilized; live in waters ranging from zero to
full-strength seawater;
normal salinities for adults 5-18 ppt; daily vertical migrations from
shallow (3-4 feet) water at night to deep (13-30 feet) during day have been
observed in summer; overwinter at depths up to 130 ft. but typically 40-60
ft.; *40, 4205,842*
BREEDING ADULT: Spawning begins at 12 to 14 deg. C in Chesapeake Bay;
spawning occurred at 10 to 19 deg. C in Delaware River estuary; spawning
peaked at 10 to 16 deg. C in York River Virginia *40*
turbidity has little effect on any lifestage; in shallow water they
spawn with no preference for bottom type; spawn generally at salinities
less than 4.2 ppt, but fish have been observed spawning at salinities up to
30 ppt *40* See Behavior section of Life History for further details.
EGG: Fertilized eggs are adhesive, demersal, and attach to vegetation,
rocks, detritus, or other bottom objects, usually in shallow water; egg
survival appears unaffected by silt levels and tolerate 500 mg/L
concentrations of particulate matter; temperature drops or temperatures
below 7 to 10 result in substantial mortality; eggs tolerate test
salinities higher than those in which they normally occur (tolerate up to
maximum tested, 10ppt) *40,4205,842*
LARVAE: As larvae grow, they alternately swim vertically and sink
resulting in downstream drift or planktonic drift; increasingly demersal
preference as size/age increases; temperature requirements, sudden drops
may be lethal; salinities up to 3 to 5 ppt tolerated, and 8ppt may be
lethal *40,4205,842*
ADULTS: Repeat all "Gen. Environm. Assoc." comments.
COMMENTS ON ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Adult white perch are found in salinity zones of 5-18 ppt; however they
prefer to spawn at salinities less than 4.2 ppt *136*.
COMMENTS ON BREEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
White perch move upriver in the spring into the shorezone of tidal fresh
Environment Associations - 3 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
waters to spawn. The species prefers spawning over shoal hard bottoms (e.g.
sand or gravel) with currents. Adult white perch are found in salinity
zones of 5-18 ppt; however they prefer to spawn at salinities less than 4.2
ppt *136*.
COMMENTS ON JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
During their first year, juveniles remain in soft-bottomed, shallow,
freshwater nursery areas, preferably in vegetated zones. Juveniles larger
than 25 mm in total length begin inshore-offshore movements in response to
light levels. Low temperatures cause white perch to move into deeper
waters. Wintering populations are found in the deeper channels and holes in
the upper Bay and tributaries. White perch in the Bay system are thought to
consist of isolated subpopulatios indigenous to each tributary *136*.
COMMENTS ON LARVAE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Larvae can tolerate salinities in the range of 0-8 ppt *136*.
COMMENTS ON EGG ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
00020S=ovulation and development begin when water temp.
is between 10-15 C, 40 C inhibitive to egg development *2638* Eggs
tolerate salinities higher than those in which they normally occur, up to
10 ppt, in tests (higher salinities were not tested).*40*
Osmotic regulation is disrupted in eggs deposited in water of salinities >
10 ppt *136*.
Environment Associations - 4 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFE HISTORY
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: length=6-10 in. *2632,2637,2629*;
weight=0.5-1.5 lbs. *2632,1151,2584,1638,2634,2637*; color is olive-dark
green back with silvery sides, young fish have pale longitudinal streak
*1202,2584,1638,2637,1371,2640*; freshwater fish may be darker than
saltwater fish *2584,1638,2634*; REPRODUCTION: breeding season when
water temp. reaches 10-15 C, usually from April to early June
*2632,2633,1151,2584,1638,2634,2636,2637,2638,2639*; incubation period,
length of time varies according to water temp., from 2 days at 65 F to 6
days at 53 F *2633,1151,1638,2634,2636*; male and female mature when
male 9 cm., female 11 cm., generally the male matures first *2639*; the
spawn is accompanied by a migration to less saline water *2638*; female
will disperse her spawn and then the males following her release their
sperm *2638,835*; the female produces from 40,000-150,000 eggs
*1638,2635,2639*; BEHAVIOR: found from Nova Scotia to South Carolina in
ocean, estuarine, and freshwater environments *2637,1371,2638,2629*;
species generally travels in schools *1151,2584,1371,2638,2639*;
migration occurs in the spring, previous to spawning season
*2632,2638,835*; eggs are deposited over a rocky bottom, where they sink
and adhere to surfaces *1638,2635,2636,2638*; adults leave the young to
grow and develop by themselves *2638*; AQUATIC/TERRESTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS:
species has been found wintering with striped bass in deep water
*2638*
SPAWNING: White perch move upriver in the spring into the shorezone of
tidal fresh waters to spawn. In the Chesapeake Bay, spawning occurs from
April to June. Spawning has been observed in December when appropriate
climatic conditions occurred. The species prefers spawning over shoal hard
bottoms (e.g. sand or gravel) with currents. During their first year,
juveniles remain in soft-bottomed, shallow, freshwater nursery areas,
preferably in vegetated zones. Juveniles larger than 25 mm in total length
begin inshore-offshore movements in response to light levels. Low
temperatures cause white perch to move into deeper waters. Wintering
populations are found in the deeper channels and holes in the upper Bay and
tributaries. White perch in the Bay system are thought to consist of
isolated subpopulatios indigenous to each tributary. Adult white perch are
found in salinity zones of 5-18 ppt; however they prefer to spawn at
salinities less than 4.2 ppt. Osmotic regulation is disrupted in eggs
deposited in water of salinities > 10 ppt. Larvae can tolerate salinities
in the range of 0-8 ppt *136*.
LIFE HISTORY CODES -
Native
Breeding Spawning Season: April
Breeding/Spawning Season: May
Breeding/Spawning Season: June
Breeding/Spawning Season: December
Spawning Site: Flowing Water
Spawning Site: Sand
Spawning Site: Gravel
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
REFERENCES FOR LIFE HISTORY- 1202, 2632, 2633, 1151, 2584, 1638, 2634, 2635, 2636, 2637, 1371, 2638, 2639, 2640, 2629 and 136
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling sedimentation
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Other management practices [specified in comments]
Adverse Regulating harvest - setting size limits
Existing Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
REFERENCES FOR BENEFICIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 2639
REFERENCES FOR ADVERSE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 2639
REFERENCES FOR EXISTING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 2639
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
999(A)=produces more offspring than they need each year, to
encourage and maintain high production and control stagnation, the
lowering of size limits may be allowable; to maintain production,
spawning grounds need to be maintained *2639*; because of its breeding
capabilities, is considered a detriment to some species in Northeast
lakes and ponds *835*
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
References
136 * Chesapeake Bay Program. 1988. Habitat Requirements for
Chesapeake Bay Living Resources. Chesapeake Executive
Council pp 86.
1151* Caine, L.S. 1949. North American Freshwater Sport Fish. U.
S. Barnes and Co. New York:16-19.
1202* Jordan, D.S., Evermann, B.W. 1969. AMERICAN FOOD AND GAME
FISH. Dover Publ., Inc. New York:574.
1270* Robbins, C.R., Bailey, R.M., Bond, C.E., Booker, J.R.,
Lachner, E.A., Lea, R.N., Scott, W.B. 1980. A LIST OF COMMON AND
SCIENTIFIC NAMES 0f FISHES FROM THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
4TH. ED. Am. Fish. Soc., Spec. Publ. No. 12:174.
1371* Perlmutter, A. 1961. GUIDE TO MARINE FISHES. New York
Univ. Press.
1638* Walden, H.T. 1964. FAMILIAR FRESHWATER FISHES OF AMERICA.
Harper & Row New York:324.
2584* Dalrymple, B. 1981. COMPLETE GUIDE TO GAME FISH. Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co. New York.
2585* Herald, E.S.. FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. Doubleday and Co.,
Inc. New York:0.
2629* Hergenrader, G.L. 1980. Current distribution and potential
for distribution of white perch (Morone americana) in Nebraska
and adjacent waters. Am. Mid. Nat. 103(2):404-406.
2630* Hixson, J.H., Moore, C.J. 1977. Incidence of crooked
vertebral columns in adult Potomac River white perch (Morone
americana). Copeia 1977(2):384-387.
2631* Beacham, B.G., Haley, A.J. 1976. Some parasites of white
perch, Morone americana (Gmelin) in Chesapeake Bay. Proc.
Helmintol. Soc. of Wash 43(2):232-233.
2632* Goode, C.B. 1888. AMERICAN FISHES. Standard Book Co. New
York.
2633* Unknown. 1924. THE BOOK OF FISHES. National Geographic
Society Washington, D.C.
2634* La_Gorce, J.O. 1939. THE BOOK OF FISHES. National
Geographic Society Washington, D.C.
2635* Brender, C. 1948. FIELD BOOK OF MARINE FISHES OF THE
ATLANTIC COAST. G.P. Putnam's Sons New York.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species perch, white
Species Id M010166
Date 26 AUG 96
2636* Migdalski, E.D. 1958. ANGLERS GUIDE TO SALT WATER GAME
FISHES. The Ronald Press Co. New York.
2637* Ursin, M.J. 1972. A GUIDE TO FISHES OF THE TEMPERATE
ATLANTIC COAST. E.P. Dutton New York.
2638* Mansueti, R.J. 1964. Eggs, larvae, and young of the white
perch, Roccus americanus, with comments on its ecology in the
estuary. Chesapeake Sci. 5(2).
2639* Mansueti, R.J. 1961. Movement, reproduction and mortality
of the white perch, Roccus americanus in Patuxent estuary,
Maryland. Chesapeake Sci. 2(3).
2640* Woolcott, W.S. 1962. Infraspecific variation in white
perch, Roccus americanus (Ismelin). Chesapeake Sci. 3(2):94-113.
2641* Burton, D.T. 1979. Ventilation frequency compensation
responses of three eurythermal estuarine fish exposed to
moderate temperature increases. J. Fish. Biol. 15:589-600.
2642* Elrod, J.H., etal. 1981. Food habits of white perch, rock
bass, and yellow perch in eastern Lake Ontario. N.Y. Fish and
Game J. 28:91.
4205* Jenkins, R.E. 1984. Fishes of Virginia (tentative)..
40* Stanley, J., D. Danie. 1983. Species Profiles: Life Histories
and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and
Invertebrates (North Atlantic) -- White Perch. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service Biol. Rep. 82(11.7) pp 12.
References - 2