(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - bass, striped
OTHER COMMON NAMES - striped bass, striper, linesider, bass, rockfish, rock, sewer trout and Fr. bar raye
ELEMENT CODE - 05/30/84
AOU CODE - 08/29/86
09/12/87
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - Chordata, Vertebrata
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - Osteichthyes, Actinopterygit
ORDER AND SUBORDER - Perciformes, Percoidei
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - Percichthyidae,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - Morone,
SPECIES AND SSP - saxatilis,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - Morone saxatilis
AUTHORITY - Walbaum, 1792
TAXONOMY REFERENCES - 816 and 795
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
A family of medium-sized to large, perch-like fishes, inhabiting coastal
marine, brackish, and fresh waters in temperate and tropical regions of the
world. Some species are anadromous.*258* Family of temperate basses; appears
in earlier literature as Roccus lineatus *816,795* Other common names
include rock, rockfish, striper, linesides, sewer trout, Fr. bar raye. The
generic name Morone is applied to this species, following revision of the
group. Subpopulations along the Atlantic coast have been studied, using
morphometric and meristic characters. Results suggest discrete populations
exist in regions such as the Hudson River, but Chesapeake Bay waters may
contain as many as four populations during the overwintering period. Studies
of body depth and caudal peduncle depth values suggest north-south clinal
variations. The population in the St. Lawrence River, now seriously
depleted, was considered distinct.*258*
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Sport Fish
Migrant
Existing, FMP exists
Commercial/consumption
Commercial
REFERENCES FOR STATUS - 2545, 93 and 135
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
Presently, Atlantic coast stocks of striped bass appear to be at an all time
low.*135*
Striped bass supports an important commercial fishery along the Atlantic
coast, especially from Massachusetts through North Carolina; over 90% of the
historical harvest derives from internal waters and the Territorial Sea.
In 1974, striped bass were the second most important recreationally caught
species but had nearly disappeared by 1980 and 1981 when the species
comprised less than 0.5% of all East Coast recreationally caught fish.*135*
The Striped Bass Fishery Management Plan (1984) was developed jointly by the
Mid-Atlantic, New England, and South Atlantic Fishery Management Councils to
provide for Federal management of the striped bass fishery in the fishery
conservation zone (FCZ) in order to complement State actions in the
Territorial Sea and internal waters.*135*
A Striped Bass Fishery Management Plan for the Gulf States (November 1986)
was developed to be used by the [Gulf] State and Federal agencies as the
basis for their individual programs and regulations.*93*
In recent years striped bass have become a focal point of public attention
in issues of environmental degradation, power plant siting, and management
of interjurisdictional fisheries.*135*
Striped bass are excellent eating fish and may be prepared in many
ways.*182*
Sport Fisheries are subject to following regulations: length limits ranging
from 12 to 18 inches are enforced by all Mid-Atlantic states; NJ, NY,
and CT have closed seasons. In general the species evokes disagreement
between sport and commercial anglers and freshwater vs saltwater
management agencies.
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Distribution
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
DISTRIBUTION
References on County Occurrence - 013, 019, 031, 033, 036, 037, 041, 053, 057, 059, 067, 073, 083, 085, 087, 095, 097, 099, 101, 109, 117, 119, 127, 143, 149, 153, 155, 181, 183, 193, 199, 700, 800 and 810
References on Seasonal Occurrence - Natural range of coastal stocks includes freshwater,
estuarine, and marine habitats *2545*
References on County Abundance - 013, 019, 031, 033, 036, 037, 041, 053, 057, 059, 067, 073, 083, 085, 087, 095, 097, 099, 101, 109, 117, 119, 127, 143, 149, 153, 155, 181, 183, 193, 199, 700, 800 and 810
REFERENCES FOR HYDROLOGIC UNIT CODES - 013, 019, 031, 033, 036, 037, 041, 053, 057, 059, 067, 073, 083, 085, 087, 095, 097, 099, 101, 109, 117, 119, 127, 143, 149, 153, 155, 181, 183, 193, 199, 700, 800 and 810
OTHER DISTRIBUTION
REFERENCES FOR OTHER DISTRIBUTION - C
Distribution - 1 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - Aquatic
REFERENCES FOR HABITAT - 2545
LAND USE -
Water
Streams and Canals
Lakes
Reservoirs
Bays and Estuaries
REFERENCES FOR LAND USE - 1187, 5676, 5080, 6040, 4910 and 4903
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Lacustrine, limnetic OW0
REFERENCES FOR NWI - 1187, 5676, 5080 and 6054
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The striped bass is an anadromous and coastal schooling species, inhabiting
mainly inshore waters. Although typically anadromous, some populations may
remain permanently in fresh water; others may migrate for many miles along
the coast often moving into estuaries.
The available evidence suggests that some bass, weighing 1.4-4.5 kg, move
northward into Canadian waters in the spring, spend the summer in brackish
or fresh water, and move southward again into United States waters in the
fall. Tagging studies of United States populations have shown that some
striped bass move northward and eastward from Chesapeake Bay and the Hudson
River to the New England states in late winter and early spring. Some enter
the Bay of Fundy and spend at least part of the summer in the lower reaches
and estuaries of larger rivers such as the Saint John. Fish tagged in the
Saint John River in 1964 were recovered off Massachusetts, New Jersey,
Delaware, and Maryland. In the Saint John River, larger fish of 9.0-18.1
kg apparently move downriver into brackish water after spawning and move
back upriver in the fall.*258*
ANIMAL/PLANT SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS -
Predation and Competition: Adult striped bass have few enemies. An esteemed
sport fish in many areas, the chief predator is man. Water diversion and
pollution in the rivers and estuaries they inhabit no doubt affect survival.
Juvenile striped bass may be eaten by larger fishes such as Atlantic tomcod,
Atlantic cod, silver hake, and larger striped bass.*258*
HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS -
Riverine V1 Percent natural river discharge during spawning:
maximum unknown; minimum habitat suitability decreases in proportion to
the reduction in discharge; optimum 100%; Riverine V2 Maximum total
dissolved solids (TDS) concentration during spawning: maximum 5 ppt
(parts per thousand); minimum 0 ppt; optimum 0-0.18 ppt; Riverine V3
Average water temperature during the spawning season and period of egg
development: maximum 22 C; minimum 13 C; optimum 17- 19 C; Riverine and
estuarine V4 Minimum dissolved oxygen level during egg and larval
development: maximum unknown; minimum 1 mg/l; optimum > 5 mg/l; Riverine
V5 Average current velocity in water column during period of egg
development: maximum unknown; minimum 29 cm/s; optimum 31-34 cm/s;
Habitat Associations - 1 Estuarine V6 Percent original salt marsh in estuary: maximum 100%;
minimum 0%; optimum 100%; Estuarine V7 Percent of original freshwater
input (average volume) to estuary during the late winter and spring high
flow period: maximum 100%; minimum 0%; optimum 100%; Estuarine V8
Average water temperature during period of larval development;maximum 23
C; minimum 12 C; optimum 18 C - 21 C; Estuarine V9 average salinity
during period of larval development: maximum 15 ppt; minimum 0 ppt;
optimum 3-7 ppt; Estuarine V10 Average dissolved oxygen during the
growing season: maximum unknown; minimum 1 mg/l; optimum > 5 mg/l;
Estuarine V11 Average water temperature during growing season: maximum
27.5 C; minimum 10 C; optimum 14-22 C *2545*
COMMENTS ON HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS -
Habitat suitability for adults limited primarily by water
quality *2545*; asusmption for river discharge during spawning is that
the optimal discharge is 100% of the natural river discharge for the
spawning time period; discharges of greater than 100% are not thought to
reduce suitability for spawning; reductions in discharge are assumed to
result in proportional reductions in habitat suitability *2545*; this
model does NOT apply to marine environments *2545*
REFERENCES FOR HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS - 2545
POTENTIAL NATURAL VEGETATION -
065 Northern Cordgrass Prairie (Distichlis-Spartina)
095 Appalachian Oak Forest (Quercus)
101 Oak - Hickory - Pine Forest (Quercus-Carya-Pinus)
103 Southern Floodplain Forest (Quercus-Nyssa-Taxodium)
REFERENCES FOR PNV - 4205
ECOREGION -
Appalachian Oak forest: Plains with High Hills
Appalachian Oak Forest: Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Plains with High Hills
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Flat Plains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Irregular Plains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Irregular Plains, slight rel
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Open Hills
REFERENCES FOR ECOREGION - 4205
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
CARNIVORE
REFERENCES FOR TROPHIC LEVEL - 2545 and 136
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Animals Adult stage
General Animals See Comments
General Animals Larva stage
General Animals Not Specified
General Molluscs Not Specified
General Bivalve Molluscs Not Specified
General Tardigrades Not Specified
General Crustaceans Larva stage
General Copepods See Comments
General Copepods Adult stage
General Malacostraca Not Specified
General Insects Larva stage
General Osteichthyes Adult stage
General Anguilliformes Not Specified
General Clupeiformes Not Specified
General Salmoniformes Not Specified
General Gobiesociformes Not Specified
General Gadiformes Not Specified
General Atheriniformes Not Specified
General Perciformes Not Specified
General See Comments; Food See Comments
Important Animals Larva stage
Important Animals Not Specified
Important Crustaceans Larva stage
Important Crustaceans Not Specified
Important Copepods Not Specified
Important Malacostraca Not Specified
Important Insects Not Specified
Important Osteichthyes Not Specified
Important Clupeiformes Not Specified
Important Gobiesociformes Not Specified
Important Gadiformes Not Specified
Important Perciformes Not Specified
Important See Comments; Food See Comments
Larva Crustaceans Not Specified
Larva Ostracods Adult stage
Larva Copepods See Comments
Larva Copepods Not Specified
Larva Insects Larva stage
Larva Osteichthyes Not Specified
Larva Gadiformes Not Specified
Juvenile Plants Not Specified
Juvenile Monocotyledoneae Not Specified
Juvenile Typhaceae Not Specified
Juvenile Animals Larva stage
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
Juvenile Animals Pupa stage
Juvenile Animals Not Specified
Juvenile Rotiferans Not Specified
Juvenile Annelids Not Specified
Juvenile Arachnids Not Specified
Juvenile Crustaceans Not Specified
Juvenile Ostracods Not Specified
Juvenile Copepods Not Specified
Juvenile Malacostraca Not Specified
Juvenile Insects Larva stage
Juvenile Insects Pupa stage
Juvenile Insects Not Specified
Juvenile Ephemeroptera Not Specified
Juvenile Odonata Not Specified
Juvenile Coleoptera Not Specified
Juvenile Trichoptera Not Specified
Juvenile Diptera Larva stage
Juvenile Diptera Pupa stage
Juvenile Diptera Not Specified
Juvenile Osteichthyes Not Specified
Juvenile Clupeiformes Not Specified
Juvenile Gobiesociformes Not Specified
Juvenile Perciformes Not Specified
Juvenile Amphibia Not Specified
Adult Molluscs Not Specified
Adult Bivalve Molluscs Not Specified
Adult Squid, Octopus Not Specified
Adult Crustaceans Not Specified
Adult Malacostraca Not Specified
Adult Insects Larva stage
Adult Insects Adult stage
Adult Insects Not Specified
Adult Ephemeroptera Larva stage
Adult Ephemeroptera Adult stage
Adult Odonata Larva stage
Adult Diptera Pupa stage
Adult Osteichthyes Not Specified
Adult Anguilliformes Not Specified
Adult Clupeiformes Not Specified
Adult Salmoniformes Not Specified
Adult Cypriniformes Not Specified
Adult Siluriformes Not Specified
Adult Atheriniformes Not Specified
Adult Perciformes Not Specified
Larva Copepods Not Specified
Larva Copepods Adult stage
Larva Branchiopods Not Specified
Larva Rotiferans Not Specified
Larva See Comments; Food See Comments
REFERENCES FOR GENERAL FOOD - 2545 and 795
Food Habits - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
REFERENCES FOR IMPORTANT FOOD - 2545
REFERENCES FOR ADULT FOOD - 5649, 5427, 5079 and 5578
REFERENCES FOR JUVENILE FOOD - 5716, 5689, 5649 and 5678
REFERENCES FOR LARVAE FOOD - 5988, 795 and 136
COMMENTS ON FOOD -
9999S=initial feeding of larva require a concentration of 1864
nauplii/l *2545*; 6630S=early instars of copepods preferred up to 10 mm
length *795* In SC, they feed heavily on mayfly nymphs in spring, take
Clupeio fish almost exclusively during rest of yr *5427* In a CA study,
threadfin shad were most important from April-Nov. *5649*
The striped bass is a voracious and opportunistic feeder. Although little
information is available on food and feeding of the species in Canadian
waters, detailed food studies have been published for the striped bass in
United States waters of Chesapeake Bay, Long Island Sound, and the Potomac
River estuary.*258*
COMMENTS ON ADULT FOOD -
In OK, gizzard shad represented 83.4% of the diet in reservoirs, 84.6% of
diet in tailwater *5079*. In CA lake, threadfin shad constituted 94%
of the diet *5649*
As the striped bass grows, small fishes are eaten. In the sea, adults eat a
wide variety of fishes such as alewives, herring, smelt, eels, flounders,
mummichogs, rock gunnels, sand lance, silver hake, and silversides. They
also consume invertebrates including squid, crabs, sea worms (Nereis), and
amphipods and, along rocky shores, will take small lobsters. In rivers and
lakes, food organisms are similar and other small fishes are taken when
available. American shad is reported to be a common food item in the
Chesapeake Bay region but no evidence of its consumption in Shubenacadie
River, NS was found in Leim's investigation in 1924 but was found to be the
chief food during shad migrations by Davidson in 1950. Feeding ceases for a
brief period before spawning and during the spawning period.*258*
COMMENTS ON JUVENILE FOOD -
In a CA lake, threadfin shad made up 45% vol. of diet *5649*. In OK culture
ponds, bass 10-30mm standard length ate mainly copepods, bass 30mm ate more
Cladocera & insects, fish not included in diet till bass reached 69mm, not
impt. part of diet till bass 90mm *5678* In VA culture ponds, Cladocerans,
copepods, insects important, Cladoceran abundance in stomachs increased when
bass were 30-40 mm total length.*5716*
Food consumption changes when fish are juveniles to include primarily small shrimps (Gammarus and Crangon),
other small crustaceans, annelid worms, and insects.*258* Fish become
increasingly more important in the diets of juvenile striped bass larger
than 100 mm, and by age II striped bass are primarily piscivorous.*275*
COMMENTS ON LARVAE FOOD -
6030S=early instars copepods preferred up to 10 mm *795*;
10-30 mm size class take adult copepods, Cladocerans, and insect larvae
*795*; 30-80 mm size Cladocerans and insect larvae make up major portion
of diet *795*; 80-100 mm size most important food items are insect
Food Habits - 3 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
larvae *795*
As larvae they consume zooplankton and when they develop to the juvenile
stage, food consumption changes to include primarily small shrimps
(Gammarus and Crangon), other small crustaceans, annelid worms, and
insects.*258*
Adult and copepodite copepods and cladocerans are the major food items of
larval striped bass. Rotifers and Eurytemora affinis copepodites are the
dominant prey for first-feeding striped bass larvae in the Potomac River.
Larval striped bass from 6 to 13 mm consume copepodites, adults of
cyclopoids and other copepods. The diet of larvae >14 mm consists almost
entirely of adult copepods *136*
Food Habits - 4 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Water Temperature: Between 15-21 degrees C
G Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
G Water pH: Between 6.5-8.5
G Total Dissolved Solids: Specified in Comments
LIM Water Temperature: Between 15-21 degrees C
LIM Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
LIM Water pH: Unknown
LIM Total Dissolved Solids: Less than 5,000 ppm
LIM Flow: Specified in Comments
LIM Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
LIM Water Temperature: Below 15 degrees C
LIM Water Temperature: Greater than 27 degrees C
LIM Dissolved Oxygen: Specified in Comments
FL Water pH: Between 6.5-8.5
FL Water Temperature: Between 15-21 degrees C
FL Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
FL Dissolved Oxygen: Specified in Comments
FL Turbidity: Specified in Comments
FL Total Dissolved Solids: Specified in Comments
FL
FL Water Temperature: Specified in Comments
E Water Temperature: Between 15-21 degrees C
E Dissolved Oxygen: High [greater than 7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
E Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
E Water pH: Between 6.5-8.5
E Water pH: Between 8.5-10.0
E Turbidity: Specified in Comments
E Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
E Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
E
E Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
RL Water Temperature: Specified in Comments
RL Dissolved Oxygen: Specified in Comments
RL Water pH: Between 6.5-8.5
RL Turbidity: Specified in Comments
RL Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
RL
RL
FJ Water Temperature: Specified in Comments
FJ Dissolved Oxygen: Specified in Comments
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
FJ Water pH: Between 6.5-8.5
FJ Water pH: Between 8.5-10.0
FJ Turbidity: Unknown
FJ Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
FJ Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
FJ Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
FJ
FJ
RJ Water Temperature: Specified in Comments
RJ Water pH: Between 6.5-8.5
RJ Water pH: Between 8.5-10.0
RJ Turbidity: Unknown
RJ Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
RJ Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
RJ Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
RJ
RJ
BA Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rubble
BA Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
BA Water Temperature: Specified in Comments
BA Dissolved Oxygen: High [greater than 7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
BA Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
BA Turbidity: Clear water
BA Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
BA Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: 3.0-3.5 fps
BA
BA
BA Inland Wetlands: Specified in Comments
FA Water Temperature: Specified in Comments
FA Dissolved Oxygen: High [greater than 7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
FA Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
FA Inland Wetlands: Specified in Comments
FA Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
FA
FA
FA Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
RA Inland Wetlands: Specified in Comments
RA Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
RA Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
RA Water Temperature: Specified in Comments
RA Dissolved Oxygen: High [greater than 7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
RA Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
RA
RA
BA Water Temperature: Specified in Comments
BA Flow: Specified in Comments
BA Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
REFERENCES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 795 and 29
REFERENCES FOR LIMITING ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 2545 and 795
Environment Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
REFERENCES FOR FEEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 1187, 5676, 4910 and 29
REFERENCES FOR RESTING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 1187, 5676, 4910 and 29
REFERENCES FOR BREEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 1187, 6054, 5080, 6040, 6051, 5764, 29 and 136
REFERENCES FOR FEEDING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 4903, 4966, 6325, 4923 and 29
REFERENCES FOR RESTING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 4903, 6325, 4966, 4923 and 29
REFERENCES FOR FEEDING LARVAE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 4864, 5871, 6051, 795 and 29
REFERENCES FOR RESTING LARVAE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 4864, 5871, 6051 and 29
REFERENCES FOR EGG ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 4864, 6127, 5871, 5822 and 29
COMMENTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS -
Striped bass populations along the South Atlantic coast of the United
States are primarily endemic and riverine and apparently do not undertake
the extensive coastal migrations that are typical of stocks in the Middle
and North Atlantic. Striped bass require waters having suitable flows,
salinities, temperatures, and other aspects of habitat quality, which make
the species particularly vulnerable to river alterations. Such alterations
have eliminated the native Gulf of Mexico striped bass from most of its
00160S=optimal river flow is 100% natural flow *2545*;
00170S=minimum velocites needed to maintain suspension of eggs is 30
cm/s *2545*; 00030S=dissolved oxygen less than 1.7 ppm *795*;
00060S=optimal range of total dissolved solids 100-900 ppm *795*
COMMENTS ON LIMITING ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Striped bass concentrate in areas with DO of at least 6 mg/L. Subadult and
adult striped bass prefer water temperatures of 20-22 C and avoid
temperatures of > 25 C if cooler waters with DO > 5mg/L are available.
Increased DO in the cooler, deeper waters of upper Chesapeake Bay would
restore suitable summer habitat for adult and subadult striped bass.*275*
COMMENTS ON RESTING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Also found in tailwaters *5676*. Lakes/reservoirs with abundant aq. veg.
are unsuitable *4910*; Tolerates water temp. 0-30 deg. C.
COMMENTS ON FEEDING ADULT ENVIRONTAL ASSOC_ -
Also found in tailwaters *5676* Lakes/reservoirs with abundant aq. veg. are
unsuitable *4910* Must have some species of Clupeid fish present for forage
*4910*
COMMENTS ON BREEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
In NC, spawn when water 55-71 deg. F, opt. temp. 62-67 deg. F *6054,6051*.
In OK, began spawning when water 15.5-18.5 deg. C, ended when water 17-26.5
deg. C *5080*. In NC, spawned when water 14.4-22.2 deg. C, most spawning
occ. in water 17.8-20 deg. C *5764*. In SC, minimum temp. for spawning 58
deg. F *6040* Spawn in tributaries to reservoir *6040,5080*
Striped bass spawn during the spring in tidal fresh or brackish waters.
Environment Associations - 3 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
Spawning activity is apparently triggered by a rise in water temperature.
Spawning times may vary from year to year due to annual temperature
variations. Research has suggested that freshwater flow (both velocity and
volume) is related to successful spawning *136*.
COMMENTS ON RESTING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
In IL pond study, survived d.o. as low as 1.2 mg/L on 2 occasions *6325*.
In AL culture ponds, critical d.o. level 6 mg/L *4923* In TN res., seemed
to prefer sandy shoreline habitat *4903* In TN lab study, increased water
velocity significantly decreased the area ranged by juv. striped bass
*4966* Juvenile striped bass tolerate salinities of 0-35 ppt and optimum
salinity for suvival is between 10 and 20 ppt.*29*
COMMENTS ON FEEDING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
In IL pond study, stopped feeding when temp. 7 deg. C, fed well in fall &
winter when temp. 10 deg. C, in spring began feeding when temp. 16 deg. C,
didn't feed in summer if temp. 29 Deg. C *6325* In IL pond study, survived
d.o. as low as 1.2 mg/L on 2 occasions *6325*. In AL culture ponds,
critical d.o. level 6 mg/L *4923* In TN res., seemed to prefer sandy
shoreline habitat *4903* In TN lab study, increased water velocity
significantly reduced the area ranged by juv. striped bass *4966*;
Tolerates 10-27 deg. C water temp., 14-19 optimum (fish 20-50 mm TL).
COMMENTS ON RESTING LARVAE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
In NC lab study, fry from eggs incub. & hatched in water 70 deg. F showed
no mort. in a 76-hr period after hatching. % of normal fry decreased with
increased water temp., at 74-80 deg. F, no fry survived *6051*. In CA lab
study, 97% of larvae alive after 72 hrs in water 62-64 deg. F *4864* 5-15
ppt salinity is optimal for survival of yolk-sac larvae and 5-25 ppt for
post-yolk sac larvae *29*; Water temp.: tolerates 10-25 deg. C, 15-22
optimal, 40 lethal; Dissolved Oxygen: <2.4mg/L lethal; Turbidity >500 mg/L
lethal after prolonged exposure, 48 hr. LD50 = 3411.
COMMENTS ON FEEDING LARVAE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
00060S=optimal range of total dissolved solids 100-900 ppm; *795*;
99999S=toxic levels of zinc=0.28 ppm, Cu=0.05 ppm, Al=0.02 ppm *795*
0-10ppt salinity optimal for survival of larvae *5871* In NC lab study, fry
from eggs incub. & hatched in water 70 deg. F showed no mort. in a 76-hr
period after hatching. % of normal fry decreased with increased water
temp., at 74-80 deg. F, no fry survived *6051*. In CA lab study, 97% of
larvae alive after 72 hrs. in water 62-64 deg. F *4864*
COMMENTS ON EGG ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
In CA lab study, 88% of eggs hatched at water temp. 55 deg. F, 85% at 62-64
deg. F, & 97% at 67-69 deg. F *4864* Optimal temp. for hatching in another
lab study was 10 deg. C *5871*. Apparently a current of at least 1 ft/sec.
is required to keep eggs in suspension *4864* Eggs must be kept in
suspension during incub. *4864,6127,5822* In CA lab study, eggs seemed to
hatch better when exposed to sunlight *4864*; Tolerates turbidity 0-500
mg/L, >1000 mg/L lethal. Salinity tolerence of striped bass eggs has been
reported at 0-10 ppt, however, optimum salinities for egg development were
1.5-3.0 ppt.*29*
Environment Associations - 4 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
LIFE HISTORY
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Striped bass are silver overall and dark olive green
gray on the back with 7 or 8 black horizontal stripes along the sides;
Teeth on base of tongue in parallel patches. Body depth less than 1/3
length; back not arched; dorsal fins separate (distinguishes from
M. chrisops and M. americana, 2 sharp spines on preopercle (characteristic
of genera). Young (15-20)mm FL and larger) distinguishes from M.
americana by body depth (M. saxatilis more slender) 2nd anal spine thicker
than 3rd (but not thicker than 1st, narrow anal fin (as M. americana).
Females generally grow larger than males. Ind. > or = 13.6 kg are female.
REPRODUCTION: Females reach maturity at 3-4 years and at total lengths of
432-437 mm; males mature at 2 years and 174 - 254 mm total
length; larval stage last (35-50 days); larvae begin active feeding
at 8 days (6-7 days); juvenile stage lasts from 35-50 days to
maturity.
Spawning always occurs in spring in fresh water, in most cases relatively
far upriver but occasionally just beyond the head of tide. Potential
spawners usually move upriver in the fall. In the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of
St. Lawrence watersheds spawning occurs in May and June. After a fall
migration up the St. Lawrence River prespawning fish moved upriver in spring
and usually spawned in June. Formerly some large fish have been taken as
far up the river as Lac St. Louis, at Montreal. In Belleisle Creek, Saint
John River system, NB, spawning runs were noted inMay . In the
Kouchibouguac river, in the Northumberland Strait region, NB, it was
observed that a portion of natal spawners overwintered in the upper portion
of the river, dropped down to the estuary in early April when the river was
free of ice, and moved back upriver in mid-May to spawn. Water temperature
at the time of spawning varied from 12.0 to 14.5 C. It was noted that
maximum spawning activity in the Saint John River population took place at a
water temperature of 14.5 C. Collections of striped bass eggs in the
Annapolis River, NS, indicated spawning occurred there in early June and was
closely related to water temperature on the spawning grounds. Spawning
occurred mainly at temperatures of approximately 18 C and ceased temporarily
when the temperature dropped to 15-16 C. The eggs are semibuoyant, have a
large oil globule, and measure about 1.0-1.35 mm in diameter before
extrusion, and about 3.6 mm a few hours after fertilization. Larger females
produce more eggs. Hatching occurs in 70-74 h at 14.4-15.6 C and in about
48 hour at 17.8-19.4 C. Little information is available on juvenile striped
bass in Candian waters.*258*
Spawning begins in mid-February and can extend to June or
July; young females produce between 14,000-65,000 eggs; older females
may produce up to 5,000,000 eggs *2545*; spawning activity may slow from
1 to 3 peaks; these peaks are apparently associated with increases in
water temperature *2545*; eggs are spherical,- semi-buoyant,
non-adhesive, and approximately 1.3 mm in diameter at fertilization at 22
C or about 80 hrs. after fertilization at 11 C; larval stage divided
into 3 phases, yolk sac (3-9 days; 5-8 mm TL), finfold (metamorphosing
stage)(11 days; 12 mm TL), and post fin-fold (20-30 days; 20 mm TL)
*2545*; factors influencing reproduction and survival of eggs: (1) water
level fluctuations, (2) wind and wave action, (3) water quality, (4)
aquatic and terrestrial cover, (5) air and water temperature, (6)
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
invertebrate and fish predation, (7) human activity *1272*;
BEHAVIOR: Tend to school by size rather than age. Leave bays and join
coastal migrations at age 2-3, moving north in Summer and south in Winter;
More than 50% of Atlantic coast catch originates from spawning grounds in
Chesapeake Bay. These groups are rarely more than few miles offshore.
Distance travelled appears related to size and age (the larger/older, the
farther) for Chesapeake Bay fish. Feeding is not continuous and
within schools is often synchronized.
SPECIES ORIGIN WITHIN STATE: native to Atlantic coast and ascendable
tributaries, introduced to many reservoirs;
LIMITING FACTORS: limiting factors on larval survival include predation and
water quality factors *795*; AQUATIC/TERRESTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS: predators of
larvae include aquatic insects, bluegill, green sunfish, crappie,
flathead minnow, mosquitofish *795*;
POPULATION PARAMETERS: growth inversely related to population density,
curvilinearly related to forage crop, food dependent at low food
availability, food independent at high food availability *10*; elements to
model a bass population in a reservoir: (1) need minimum of 25 lbs. per acre
of predator (bass), (2) need minimum of 75 lbs./acre of plankton feeders
(i.e., shad), (3) need minimum of 100 lbs./acre of bottom feeders
(i.e., catfish), production of these three factors controlled by:
fertility of water, climate, water level fluctuations, shape of basin
and substrate composition *1292*;
biological factors which influence early life stages: (1) size of
spawning population, (2) predation and cannibalism, (3) disease and
fungi--important in hatcheries, not important in wild populations, (4)
starvation--important in hatcheries, not evident in wild populations
*1155*; factors to estimate standing crop of bass: (1) water depth and
area of watershed and area underwater, (2) fertility of water and
watershed, (3) species composition of system, (4) population estimate,
(5) average seasonal water temperature, (6) length of growing season
*2643*;water quality is definitely limiting, cold December
temperatures and spring flows very important in predicting success of
following year class (cold December temperatures and freeze veg in place for
spring movement stops flow moves detritus to nursery area, where stimulate
zooplankton bloom.
SPECIES INTERACTIONS: Predators: bluefish and weakfish. On larvae: white perch
and copepods, Likely competitors: bluefish, weakfish, white perch
OTHER: life stages: (1) egg: stage from ova fertilization to
hatching (includes embryo, fluids, and chorion--shell), (2) larva (fry):
hatching to dispersal from nest (includes yolk sac absorption and
pigmentation formation), (3) fingerling (young-of-year): dispersal from
nest to adult (first season or first year of life), (4) adult:
post-fingerling stage, after first year, may or may not be reproductive
*1155* Aluminum toxity induced by pH ;No detectable effect of [ ]
200-400mg/l at pH7 at pH6, pH5 or less, Al[ ] of 25- 100 mg/l caused sign,
mortality depending on lifestge. Cadmium most toxic, LC 50 of .001ppm
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
cadmium chloride for larvae. Total residue chlorine have sublethal sign
effects (larvae sign, shorter body lengths after exposure of eggs to .15ppm
Extensive work has been done on toxity of pesticides and other substances to
larvae.
PARASITES AND DISEASE: Information available regarding the parasitic fauna
in Canadian coastal waters is limited. The prevalence and intensity of
metazoan parasites from 17 specimens was investigated in anadromous striped
bass from the Kouchibouguac River, NB, and reported on trematodes
Homalometran pallidum, Lepocreadium setiferoides, and Stephanostomum tenue;
acanthocephalans, Echinorhynchus gadi and Neoechinorhynchus rutili; and the
nematode Philometra rubra. The parasites were found in most cases in over
half of the specimens examined and were parasitic in the stomach,
intestines, and body cavity. Homalometran pallidum and N. rutili are new
host records. A northern range extension record for the copepod Ergasilus
labracis to Minas Basin and Northumberland Strait has been reported.*258*
Spawning: Striped bass spawn during the spring in tidal fresh or brackish
waters. The principal spawning and nursery areas of striped bass along the
Atlantic Coast are found in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries and the
Hudson and Roanoke rivers. Within the Chesapeake Bay basin, major spawning
areas include: the James, Pamunkey, Mattaponi, Rappahannock, Patuxent, and
Potomac rivers on the western shore; the head of the Bay with the
Susquehanna Flats, Elk River, Chesapeake and Delaware (C&D) Canal; and, the
Choptank and Nanticoke rivers on the Eastern Shore. Spawning activity is
apparently triggered by a rise in water temperature. Spawning times may
vary from year to year due to annual temperature variations. In the
Chesapeake Bay, 1 to 3 peaks occur during each spawning season with the
major peak occurring any time during the last half of April or the first
week of May. Research has suggested that freshwater flow (both velocity and
volume) is related to successful spawning *136*.
Toxicity: Water quality data from an on-site toxicity experiment on the
Nanticoke River implicated that aluminum toxicity was induced by low pH.
Striped bass exhibited no detectable effect from aluminum concentrations of
200 to 400 ug/l at about pH 7. However, a pH of 6.5 or less with aluminum
concentrations in the range of 25 to 100 ug/l caused significant mortality
dependent upon the life stage of the striped bass. Comparing the relative
toxicity of copper and zinc on embryos, copper was more toxic, with a 48 hr
LC50 value of 0.74 ppm. In a test of the tolerance of larval striped bass
to cadmium, copper, and zinc, cadmium was the most toxic. Larval striped
bass experienced 50% mortality when exposed to 0.001 ppm of cadmium chloride
for 96 hr. Data indicate that levels of total residual chlorine (TRC), while
not necessarily lethal, may have significant sublethal effects on striped
bass. For example, striped bass larvae exhibited significantly shorter body
lengths after eggs were exposed to 0.15 ppm of total residual chlorine.
Striped bass eggs exhibit 50% and 100% reduction in hatch rate when exposed
to 0.19 and 0.43 ppm of TRC, respectively *136*.
LIFE HISTORY CODES -
Breeding/Spawning Season: March
Breeding Spawning Season: April
Breeding/Spawning Season: May
Breeding/Spawning Season: June
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
LIFE HISTORY CODES -
Spawning Site: Flowing Water
Average Number of Offspring/Reproductive Effort: Grea
Hybrid
Reintroduced Native
Stocked
REFERENCES FOR LIFE HISTORY- 2545, 795 and 136
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Adverse Migration barriers
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Other management practices [specified in comments]
Adverse Constructing/maintaining bulkheads, seawalls, and dikes
Adverse Construction of navigational improvements [dams, locks, etc.]
Adverse Dredging
Adverse Salinity alteration
Beneficial Controlling sedimentation
REFERENCES FOR BENEFICIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 5376, 1187, 6323, 5933, 6127, 4910 and 275
REFERENCES FOR ADVERSE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 135 and 248
REFERENCES FOR EXISTING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 135
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Striped bass stocks have declined drastically in the past decade. This
decline is generaly associated with reduced recruitment. The causes for the
recruitment decline presently have not been determined but can be considered
primarily to be overfishing, pollution, habitat loss, and/or natural causes.
Maintenance of adequate spawning areas with good water quality is the most
critical necessity for continued survival of striped bass according to
some.*135*
Reasons for the decline of native striped bass along the northern Gulf coast
are speculative. Environmental alterations in the form of water control
structures and extensive channelization may have prevented successful
reproduction. Industrial and agricultural pollution have also been
implicated as probable causes of the drastic decline of striped bass.*93*
The Fishery Management Councils are deeply concerned about the effects of
marine habitat degradation on fishery resources as well as
freshwater/estuarine habitats used by diadromous fishes such as striped
bass. The following recommendations are made:
(See Ref. # 135 for more complete description of recommendations.)
1. All available or potential natural habitat for anadromous striped bass
should be preserved by encouraging management of conflicting uses to assure
access by the fish to essential habitat and maintenance of high water
quality standards to protect striped bass migration, spawning, nursery,
overwintering, and feeding areas. Spawning and nursery areas are targeted as
the most critical areas.
2. Filling of wetlands should not be permitted in or near spawning and
nursery areas. Mitigating or compensating measures should be employed where
filling is unavoidable. Project proponents must demonstrate that project
implementation will not negatively affect striped bass, its habitat, or its
food sources.
3. Best engineering and management practices (e.g., seasonal restrictions,
dredging methods, disposal options, etc.) should be employed for all
dredging and in-water construction projects.
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
4. Further blockage of rivers (either physical or chemical) preventing
striped bass from reaching their historical spawning grounds should not be
allowed. Adequate two way fish passage facilities must be employed where
dams are constructed. Restoration should be attempted in the areas where
blockage now occurs.
5. The combinations of man induced contamination which result in oxygen
levels less than an average daily value of 6.0 mg/l or to a level below a
minimum of 5.0 mg/l at any time should not be allowed in striped bass
spawning and principal nursery areas.
6. The disposal of sewage sludge, industrial waste, and contaminated
dredged material in striped bass habitat including the New York Bight should
not be allowed.
7. The siting of industries requiring water diversion and large-volume
water withdrawals should be avoided in striped bass spawning and nursery
areas.
8. Except in designated mixing zones, heated effluent should not be
discharged which would cause temperatures to exceed 85 F, or which would
cause the temperature to be raised by more than 4 F during September through
May, or to be raised by more than 1.5 during June through August.
Facilities should not be located in striped bass spawning or principal
nursery areas. Heated effluent dischargers should not intentionally shut
down operations during Novermber through March and, if shut downs must
occur, they should be gradual in order to avoid reverse thermal shock to
striped bass.
9. Dechlorination facilities or lagoon effluent holding facilities should
be used to destroy chlorine at sewage treatment plants and power plants.
10. No toxic substances in concentrations harmful to humans, fish,
wildlife, and aquatic life should be discharged.
11. The EPA and States should review their water quality standards relative
to striped bass spawning and nursery areas and make changes as needed.
12. The EPA and States should establish water quality standards for the
coastal zone specifically with respect to the habitat requirements of
striped bass migratory passage and overwintering.
13. The EPA should establish water quality standards for the FCZ sufficient
to maintain edible striped bass.
14. Water quality standards in spawning, nursery, overwintering, and areas
of migratory passage should be enforced rigidly by State or local water
quality management agencies, whose actions should be carefully monitored by
the EPA.
15. Appropriate measures must be taken as soon as possible to reduce acid
precipitation and runoff.
16. EPA must establish and approve criteria for vegetated buffer strips in
agricultural areas adjacent to striped bass spawning and nursery areas to
minimize pesticide, fertilizer, and sediment loads to these areas critical
for striped bass survival.
17. It is necessary that scientific investigations be conducted on striped
bass to emphasize the long-term, synergistic effects of combinations of
environmental variables on, for example, reproductive capability, genetic
changes, and suitability for human consumption.
18. For recommendations for future investigations, see FMP.*135*
Other ref. *4903,5678,5578,5940,6027,5551* Stocking - are stocked in Missouri as
a contribution to the fishery & to utilize gizzard shad *1187*. Popular for
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
stocking since they grow rapidly, attain large size, & utilize abundant shad
*4903*. In the southeastern U.S., stocking fingerlings is generally the most
satisfactory method *4910*. Must have suitable spawning areas if pop. is to be
self-sustaining *6127* Hybridization - in a TX res., white bass X striped bass
hybrids grew rapidly & had high survival, the recreational benefits of stocking
hybrids surpassed the costs *5933*. White bass X striped bass hybrids had
faster early growth and higher survival than striped bass *6323* Culture - an
OK pond culture recommended 1. Provide abundance of copepods early in season,
and Cladocerans & insect larvae late in season, 2. Delay adding forage fish till
striped bass are 4-5 long, 3 soft-rayed fish of fusiform body shape are best
forage. *5678*. In AL, striped bass culture in continuously aerated ponds
produced 2.4X the no. of fingerlings produced by conventional methods *5940*.
In OK, plankton was used as food in the hatchery prior to release into culture
ponds *6027*. In AL, best response to feeding obtained when surface water temp.
10 deg. C. Avg. survival, mean production & food conversion of fingerlings were
best at the following feeding rates 10% of body wt. July 7-31, 7% body wt. Aug.
1-31, 6% body wt. Sept. 1-30, 5% body wt. Oct. 1-31 *4923* In OK, striped bass
preyed on trout after trout stocking *5578*. An IL study concluded that striped
bass are well-suited to be a pond-reared food fish *6325*. One study
recommended managing only dominant year-classes to optimize yields.*5551*
Sport fisheries are subject to the following regulations: length limits
ranging from 12 to 18 inches (minimum) are enforced by all mid-Atlantic
states; NJ, NY, & CT have closed seasons. MD requires all 15 pound + caught
in spawning season be released. In general, the species evokes disagreement
between sport & commercial anglers and between saltwater and freshwater
management agencies.
A list of recommendations in the Chesapeake Bay include:
1. Increase dissolved oxygen
2. Improve water quality in spawning areas
3. Determine hatchery contributions to spawning stocks
4. Quantify estimates of young-of-the-year recruitment
5. Protect spawning stocks*275*
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
References
93 * Nicholson, L. (ed.). 1986. Striped Bass Fishery Management Plan.
(16)Nicholson, L. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission Ocean
Springs, MS.
135 * Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council. 1984. Striped Bass
Fishery Management Plan. Mid-Atlantic Fishery Mangement
Council pp 120.
136 * Chesapeake Bay Program. 1988. Habitat Requirements for
Chesapeake Bay Living Resources. Chesapeake Executive
Council pp 86.
182 * Manooch, Charles S. III. 1984. Fisherman's Guide to the
Fishes of the Southeastern United States. North Carolina State
Museum of Natural History Raleigh, North Carolina:362.
248 * Hill, J., J.W. Evans, M.J. Van Den Avyle. 1989. Species
Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of
Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (South Atlantic)--Striped Bass.
Species Profile Series 82(11.118) (ed.). U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service Washington, DC:35.
258 * Scott, W.B., M.G. Scott. 1988. Atlantic Fishes of Canada.
Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (219) (ed.).
University of Toronto Press Toronto, Canada:731.
795 * Humphries, E.T., Cumming, K.B. 1973. An evaluation of
striped bass fingerling culture. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
102:13-20.
816 * Lee, D.S., Gilbert, C.R., Hocutt, C.H., McAllister, R.E.,
Stauffer, J.R., Jr. (ed.) 1980. Atlas of North American
Freshwater Fishes. Pub. 1980-12 of N. Car. Biol. Surv, N. C.
State Mus. of Nat. Hist. Raleigh:854.
1187 * Pflieger, W.L. 1975. The fishes of Missouri. Mo. Dept.
Conserv:173.
2545 * Bain, M.B., Bain, J.L. 1982. Habitat suitability index
models: Coastal stocks of striped bass. FWS/OBS-82/10.1. Off.
Biol. Serv., U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Washington, D.C.
4205 * Jenkins, R.E. 1984. Fishes of Virginia (tentative)..
4864 * Albrecht, A.B. 1964. Some observations on factors
associated with survival of striped bass eggs and larvae. Calif.
Fish and Game 50(2):100-113.
4903 * Avyle, V.D., Higginbotham, M.J., Higginbotham, B.J. 1979.
Growth, survival, and distribution of striped bass stocked into
Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee. Proc. Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
Fish Wildl. Agencies 33:361-370.
4910 * Bailey, W.M. 1975. An evaluation of striped bass. The SE
United States Proc. Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game - Fish Comm
28:54-68.
4923 * Barwick, D.H. 1974. Effect of two feeding rates on
production of advanced fingerling striped bass. Proc. Ann. Conf.
S.E. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 28:194-199.
4966 * Bowles, R.R. 1975. Effects of water velocity on activity
patterns of juvenile striped bass. Proc. Ann. Conf. SE Assoc.
Game Fish Comm. 29:142-151.
5079 * Combs, D.L. 1978. Food habits of adult striped bass from
Keystone Reservoir and its tailwaters. Fish Wildl. Agencies
32:571-575.
5080 * Combs, D.L. 1979. Striped bass spawning in the Arkansas
River tributary of Keystone Reservoir,Oklahoma. Fish Wildl.
Agencies 33:371-383.
5376 * Pflieger, W.L.. Unpb..
5427 * Stevens, R.E. 1958. The striped bass of the Santee-Cooper
Reservoir. Proc. Ann. Conf. SE Assoc. Game Fish Comm.
11:253-264.
5578 * Deppert, D.L., Mense, J.B. 1979. Effect of striped bass
predation on an Oklahoma trout fishery. Proc. Ann. Conf. SE
Assoc. Fish Wildl. Agencies 33:384-392.
5649 * Goodson, L.F., Jr. 1964. Diet of striped bass at Millerton
Lake, CA. Calif. Fish & Game 50(4):307.
5676 * Hanson, W.D., Dillard, J.G. 1975. Contribution of striped
bass to the fishery of Lake of the Ozarks, Missouri. Proc. Ann.
Conf. SE Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 29:162-167.
5678 * Harper, J.L., Jarman, R., Yacovino, J.T. 1968. Food habits
of young striped bass, Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum), in culture
ponds. Proc. Ann. Conf. SE Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 22:373-380.
5689 * Heubach, W., Toth, R.J., McReady, A.M. 1963. Food of
young-of-the-year striped bass (Roccus saxatilis) in the
Sacramento San Joaquin River System. Calif. Fish & Game
49(4):224-240.
5764 * Kornegay, T.W., Humphries, E.T. 1975. Spawning of the
striped bass in the Tar River, North Carolina. Proc. Ann. Conf.
SE Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 29:317-325.
5822 * May, D.D., Fuller, J.C. 1962. A study on striped bass egg
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species bass, striped
Species Id M010168
Date 27 AUG 96
production in the Congaree and Wateree Rivers. Proc. Ann. Conf.
SE Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 16:285-301.
5871 * Morgan, R.P., II, Rasin, V.J., Cop, R.L. 1981. Temperature
and salinity effects on development of striped bass eggs and
larvae. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc. 110:95-99.
5933 * Orandall, P.S. 1978. Evaluation of striped bass X white
bass hybrids in a heated Texas reservoir. Proc. Ann. Conf. SE
Assoc. Fish Wildl. Agencies 32:588-598.
5988 * Regan, D.M., Wellborn, T.L., Bowker, R.G. 1968. Striped
bass, Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum), development of essential
requirements for production. USFWS Publ.:133.
6040 * Scruggs, G.D. 1955. Reproduction of resident striped bass
in Santee Cooper Reservoir, South Carolina. Trans. Amer. Fish.
85:144-159.
6051 * Shannon, E.H., Smith, W.B. 1967. Preliminary observations
of the effect of temperature on striped bass eggs and sac fry.
Proc. Ann. Conf. SE Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 21:257-260.
6054 * Shannon, E.H. 1969. Effect of temperature changes upon
developing striped bass eggs and fry. Proc. Ann. Conf. SE Assoc.
Game Fish Comm. 23:265-274.
6127 * Surber, E.W. 1958. Results of striped bass (Roccus
saxatilis) introduction into freshwater impoundments. Proc. Ann.
Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game Fish. Comm. 11:273-276.
6323 * Ware, F.J. 1974. Progress with morone hybrids in fresh
water. Proc. Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game Fish. Comm. 28:48-54.
6325 * Wawronowica, L.J., Lewis, W.M. 1979. Evaluation of the
striped bass as a pond reared food fish. Prog. Fish. Cult.
41(3):138-140.
References - 3