(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species shearwater, manx
Species Id M040013
Date 26 AUG 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - shearwater, manx
OTHER COMMON NAMES -
ELEMENT CODE - 11/07/86
CATEGORY - Birds
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - Chordata,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - Aves,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - Procellariiformes,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - Procellariidae,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - Puffinus,
SPECIES AND SSP - puffinus, puffinus
SCIENTIFIC NAME - Puffinus puffinus puffinus
AUTHORITY - (Brunnich) 1764
TAXONOMY REFERENCES - 624 and 3950
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Originally Procellaria puffinus by Brunnich *3950*
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species shearwater, manx
Species Id M040013
Date 26 AUG 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Federal Migratory
Nongame-Protected
Accidental
Migrant
REFERENCES FOR STATUS - 700 and 758
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Distribution
Species shearwater, manx
Species Id M040013
Date 26 AUG 96
DISTRIBUTION
References on County Occurrence - AO1
References on Seasonal Occurrence - Accidental, only 2 recorded sightings *700,624*
References on County Abundance - AO1
Distribution - 1 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - Aquatic
REFERENCES FOR HABITAT - 3950 and 606
LAND USE -
Water
Atlantic Ocean Coastal Waters
REFERENCES FOR LAND USE - 3950
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Marine, subtidal OWO V
REFERENCES FOR NWI - 3950 and 606
ANIMAL/PLANT SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS -
VIRUS = CORONAVIRUS
REFERENCES FOR SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS - 1679
COMMENTS ON SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS -
Coronavirus causes a disease called puffinosis *1679*
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species shearwater, manx
Species Id M040013
Date 26 AUG 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
Carnivore
REFERENCES FOR TROPHIC LEVEL - 2484 and 3950
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Clupeiformes Not Specified
General Perciformes Not Specified
General Osteichthyes Juvenile stage
General Osteichthyes Adult stage
General Osteichthyes Not Specified
General Crustaceans Not Specified
General Squid, Octopus Adult stage
General Squid, Octopus Not Specified
General Molluscs Adult stage
General Molluscs Not Specified
General See Comments; Food See Comments
General Animals Not Specified
General Animals Adult stage
General Animals Juvenile stage
Juvenile Perciformes Not Specified
Juvenile Osteichthyes Not Specified
Juvenile Osteichthyes Juvenile stage
Juvenile Osteichthyes Adult stage
Juvenile See Comments; Food See Comments
Adult Clupeiformes Not Specified
Adult Perciformes Not Specified
Adult Osteichthyes Not Specified
Adult Osteichthyes Adult stage
Adult Osteichthyes Juvenile stage
Adult Crustaceans Not Specified
Adult Squid, Octopus Not Specified
Adult Squid, Octopus Adult stage
Adult Molluscs Adult stage
Adult Molluscs Not Specified
Adult See Comments; Food See Comments
Adult Animals Not Specified
Adult Animals Adult stage
Adult Animals Juvenile stage
REFERENCES FOR GENERAL FOOD - 4038, 2484, 4037, 3950 and 606
REFERENCES FOR ADULT FOOD - 4037, 2484, 4038, 3950 and 606
REFERENCES FOR JUVENILE FOOD - 606
COMMENTS ON FOOD -
Also feeds on offal *2484,3950*
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species shearwater, manx
Species Id M040013
Date 26 AUG 96
COMMENTS ON JUVENILE FOOD -
Nestlings receive pre-digested food from parents *606*
Food Habits - 2 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species shearwater, manx
Species Id M040013
Date 26 AUG 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
G Terrestrial Features: Burrows
G Coastal Features: Rocky offshore islands
G Terrestrial Features: Bare ground
G Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
G Elevation: 0-100 ft.
G Elevation: 100-300 ft.
G Elevation: 300-500 ft.
G Elevation: 500-1000 ft.
G Elevation: 1000-2000 ft.
G Soil Compaction: Easily penetrated
G Soil Depth: Specified in Comments
G Biodegradable Organics: Specified in Comments
G Air Temperature: Specified in Comments
LIM Soil Depth: Specified in Comments
LIM Air Temperature: Specified in Comments
LIM Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
LIM Coastal Features: Rocky offshore islands
LIM Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
LIM Terrestrial Features: Burrows
LIM Terrestrial Features: Bare ground
LIM Elevation: 0-100 ft.
LIM Elevation: 100-300 ft.
LIM Elevation: 300-500 ft.
LIM Elevation: 500-1000 ft.
LIM Elevation: 1000-2000 ft.
LIM Soil Compaction: Easily penetrated
LIM Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
E Air Temperature: Specified in Comments
FJ Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
RJ Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
RJ Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
RJ Coastal Features: Rocky offshore islands
RJ Terrestrial Features: Burrows
FA Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
RA Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
BA Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
BA Coastal Features: Rocky offshore islands
BA Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species shearwater, manx
Species Id M040013
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
BA Terrestrial Features: Burrows
BA Terrestrial Features: Bare ground
BA Elevation: 0-100 ft.
BA Elevation: 100-300 ft.
BA Elevation: 300-500 ft.
BA Elevation: 500-1000 ft.
BA Elevation: 1000-2000 ft.
BA Soil Compaction: Easily penetrated
BA Soil Depth: Specified in Comments
REFERENCES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 2484, 4040, 3950, 606, 4043, 4049 and 4048
REFERENCES FOR LIMITING ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 3950, 4049, 624, 606 and 2484
REFERENCES FOR FEEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 606, 3950 and 2484
REFERENCES FOR RESTING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 3950
REFERENCES FOR BREEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 2484, 3950, 606 and 624
REFERENCES FOR FEEDING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 4048
REFERENCES FOR RESTING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 4048, 2484, 3950 and 606
REFERENCES FOR EGG ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 4049
COMMENTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS -
Nest burrows in deep soil *3950*; Resistant to naturally high
concentrations of cadmium in water habitat *4043*; Eggs are resistant to
chilling *4049*; Most requirements refer to breeding requirements, does
not bred in Virginia *624,3950,606*
COMMENTS ON BREEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Burrows in deep soils *3950*; Does not breed in Virginia
*624,3950,606*
COMMENTS ON RESTING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Refers to nestling juveniles *2484,3950,606*
COMMENTS ON EGG ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Eggs are resistant to chilling *4049*
Environment Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species shearwater, manx
Species Id M040013
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFE HISTORY
Physical Description: Medium size, bill long slender, straight with low
nasal tubes, nostrils opening forward, long slender wings, short rounded
tail, tarsus much compressed, blackish above with white underparts, sexes
similar, length = 12-15 inches, wingspread = 30-35 inches *606*
Reproduction: Breeding Season = Late April to late May *4037,4042,4045*,
Incubation Period = Range is 47-55 days, Mean = 51 days *4045,
4049,606,3950,4042*; Reproductive Periods / Year = 1 brood, will lay a
replacement clutch *4044*; Minimum and Maximum Breeding Ages = 5-8 years,
occasionally 3-9 years *4048,606,3950*; Breeding Behavior = Strong pair
bonding, both sexes dig burrow, colonial *3950,606,4044*;; Clutch Size = 1
*4042,3950* Behavior: Daily and Seasonal Periodicity = Fairly strict
nocturnal habits, follows a regular migratory pattern, off the coast of N.W.
Atlantic usually from June to September, these may be non-breeders
*4040,3950,606*; Dispersion = Young, after fledgling move to S. American
waters for 1st year and European waters in 2nd year,dispersion of females is
described by second source *4048,4041,4046*; Migration = Breeding/Wintering
*606,4040*; Foraging Strategy / Sites = Dives from surface or from 1.5
meters in air, shallow dives, open (pelagic) waters
*2484,4038,4039,606,4048*; Nest Site = Burrows in deep soils on vegetated or
rocky islands in 'turfy' portions, ground must be soft *3950,606,2484*;
Development of Young = Semi-altricial and nidicolous, leave nest at 70-75
days, detailed by sources *3950,606,4042,4045,4044*; Parental Care of Young
= Both sexes feed young at night, desert young usually around 60 days
*3950,4045*
Origin: Exotic *700*
Limiting Factors: Survival of young may be related to date of egg laying and
the timing of the arrival of fish food sources and the location of those
sources to nest site *4042,4044* Population Parameters: Mortality Rates =
Less than 3% total mortality from gulls on breeding grounds, detailed by
sources *4047,4044,1679,4037*; Survival Rates = Fledgling success was 70% in
one study, hatching success also discussed *4042*
REFERENCES FOR LIFE HISTORY- 700, 4037, 2484, 4038, 4039, 4040, 4041, 4042, 3950, 606, 4048, 1679, 4046, 4049, 4047, 4045 and 4044
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species shearwater, manx
Species Id M040013
Date 26 AUG 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
REFERENCES FOR BENEFICIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 4042 and 4047
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species shearwater, manx
Species Id M040013
Date 26 AUG 96
References
606* Palmer, R.S. 1962. Handbook of North American Birds. I.
Yale Univ. Press New Haven, Conn:557.
624* Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zim, H.S. 1966. Birds of North
America: A Guide to Field Identification. Golden Press New York,
N.Y:340.
700* Ornithology, Virginia Society of. 1979. Virginia's
Birdlife: An Annotated Check-list. Virginia Avifauna No. 2.
Virginia Society of Ornithology Lynchburg, Va:118.
758* (ed.)1982. Fish and wildlife. 50 CFR 10 (Code of Federal
Regulations). General Serv. Admin. Washington, D.C:7.
1679* Nuttall, P.A., Harrap, K.A. 1982. Isolation of a
coronavirus during studies on Puffinosis, a disease of the Manx
Shearwater (Puffinus puffinus). Arch. Virol. 73(1):1-13.
2484* Bent, A.C. 1922. Life histories of North American petrels
and pelicans and their allies. Dover Publ., Inc. New York:355.
3950* Cramp, S., Simmons, K.E.L., (eds.). 1977. THE BIRDS OF THE
WESTERN PALEARTIC..
4037* Perrins, C.M., Brooke, M.deL. 1976. Manx shearwaters in
the Bay of Biscay. Bird Study 23(4):295-299.
4038* King, B. 1974. Aerial plunge-diving by shags and manx
shearwaters. British Birds 67(2):77.
4039* Jongs, W.E. 1974. Manx shearwaters at plung-diving.
British Birds 68(3):119-120.
4040* Bierregaard, R.O., Jr., David, II A.B., Baird, T.D. 1975.
First northwestern Atlantic breeding record of the manx
Shearwater. Auk 92(1):145-147.
4041* Brooke, M.deL. 1978. The dispersal of female manx
shearwaters Puffinus puffinus. Ibis 120(4):545-551.
4042* Brooke, M.deL. 1978. Some factors affecting the laying
date, incubation and breeding success of the manx shearwater,
Puffinus puffinus. J. Anim. Ecol. 47(2):477-495.
4043* Bull, K.R., Murton, R.K., Osbourn, D., Ward, P., Cheng, L.
1977. High levels of cadmium in Atlantic seabirds and
sea-skaters. Nature, Lond. 269(5628):507-509.
4044* Perrins, C.M., Harris, M.P., Britton, C.K. 1973. Survival
of manx shearwater Puffinus puffinus. Ibis 115(4):535-548.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species shearwater, manx
Species Id M040013
Date 26 AUG 96
4045* Harris, M.P. 1966. Breeding biology of the manx shearwater
Puffinus puffinus. Ibis 108:17-33.
4046* Post, P.W. 1967. Manx, Audubon's, and little shearwaters
in the Northwestern Atlantic. Bird-Banding 38:278-306.
4047* Corkhill, P. 1973. GULL PREDATION. Br. Birds 66:136-143.
4048* Harris, M.P. 1966. Age of return to the colony, age of
breeding and adult survival of manx shearwaters. Bird Study
13:84-95.
4049* Matthews, G.V.T. 1954. Some aspects of incubation in the
manx shearwater Procellaria puffinus with particular reference
to shilling resistance in the embryo. Ibis 96:432-440.
References - 2