(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - cormorant, double-crested
OTHER COMMON NAMES -
ELEMENT CODE - 04/05/84
AOU CODE - 03/05/87
03/23/88
CATEGORY - Birds
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - Chordata,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - Aves,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - Pelecaniformes,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - Phalacrocoracidae,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - Phalacrocorax,
SPECIES AND SSP - auritus, floridanus
SCIENTIFIC NAME - Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus
AUTHORITY - Lesson
TAXONOMY REFERENCES - 624, 2484 and 88
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Bent (1922) classified it under the order Steganopodes
*2484*
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Nongame-Protected
Federal Migratory
State endangered
Existing, FMP exists
REFERENCES FOR STATUS - 758 and 999
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
Has been classified state endangered or threatened in
some midwestern states *4153*; considered a pest by commercial fishermen
for taking commercial fish species, but unsubstantiated
*4142,4167,4166,4165* Casual Breeder along the coast. Abundant transient
near coast, rare elsewhere.*8511*
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Distribution
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
DISTRIBUTION
References on County Occurrence - AO1, CB1, CB2, CB3, 059, 093, 099, 103, 115, 119, 133, 153, 179, 193, 510, 550, 610, 650, 700, 710, 740, 800, 810 and 999
References on Seasonal Occurrence - Transient; irregular, local winter resident and common
summer visitor near coast; rare transient in piedmont, mountain, and
valley regions *700* Peak counts occur at Chincoteague during fall.*8511*
References on County Abundance - AO1, CB1, CB2, CB3, 059, 093, 099, 103, 115, 119, 133, 153, 179, 193, 510, 550, 610, 650, 700, 710, 740, 800, 810 and 999
REFERENCES FOR HYDROLOGIC UNIT CODES - AO1, CB1, CB2, CB3, 059, 093, 099, 103, 115, 119, 133, 153, 179, 193, 510, 550, 610, 650, 700, 710, 740, 800, 810 and 999
OTHER DISTRIBUTION
REFERENCES FOR OTHER DISTRIBUTION - H
Comments on Distribution -
Abundant transient near coast and common summer visitor. Rare elsewhere.*8511*
Distribution - 1 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - Aquatic *88*
REFERENCES FOR SAF TYPE - 6600, 4679 and 88
LAND USE -
Barren Land
Bare Exposed Rock
Water
Bays and Estuaries
Chesapeake Bay
Atlantic Ocean Coastal Waters
Forest Land
Deciduous Forest Land
Wetland
Forested Wetland
Lakes
Evergreen Forest Land
REFERENCES FOR LAND USE - 2484, 4155, 4147, 4150, 4156, 4165, 4158 and 4153
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Lacustrine, littoral OW0
Estuarine, subtidal UB1
Marine, subtidal UB2
Palustrine FO5
REFERENCES FOR NWI - 6600, 4961, 4158, 4679, 2484, 88, 4147, 4142, 4156, 4165 and 4153
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Nests in cypress, cottonwood, and birch trees; roosts in trees *2484,
4147,4150*
ANIMAL/PLANT SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS -
51580
Mallophaga
Ticks
Mites
Nematodes
Digenia
Cestodes
Acanthocephala
Bacteria
Flies
4158
REFERENCES FOR SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS - 1901, 1802, 1086, 2004, 1869, 1791, 1993, 1756, 1913, 1740, 4152, 4144 and 4161
COMMENTS ON SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS -
Diseases and parasites: general reference *1901*;
bacterial: cholera *1802*, salmonella *1086*; viral: hemorrhagic
enteritis *2004*; helminths:nematodes *1869,1971,1993*; digenea,
cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephala *1756*; ectoparasites: lice, mites,
ticks, flies *1913*
Habitat Associations - 1 POTENTIAL NATURAL VEGETATION -
101 Oak - Hickory - Pine Forest (Quercus-Carya-Pinus)
065 Northern Cordgrass Prairie (Distichlis-Spartina)
103 Southern Floodplain Forest (Quercus-Nyssa-Taxodium)
REFERENCES FOR PNV - 700 and 624
ECOREGION -
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Flat Plains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Irregular Plains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Plains with Hills
REFERENCES FOR ECOREGION - 700 AND 624
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
Carnivore
REFERENCES FOR TROPHIC LEVEL - 4142 and 4156
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Anguilliformes Not Specified
General Perciformes Adult stage
General Clupeiformes Adult stage
General Pleuronectiformes Not Specified
General Atheriniformes Adult stage
General Cypriniformes Adult stage
General Siluriformes Adult stage
General Gasterosteiformes Adult stage
General Batrachoidformes Not Specified
General Salmoniformes Not Specified
General Gadiformes Not Specified
General Osteichthyes Adult stage
General Malacostraca Adult stage
General Crustaceans Adult stage
General Squid, Octopus Adult stage
General Molluscs Adult stage
General Salientia Adult stage
General Amphibia Adult stage
General Animals Adult stage
Important Anguilliformes Adult stage
Important Clupeiformes Not Specified
Important Perciformes Adult stage
Important Cypriniformes Adult stage
Important Osteichthyes Not Specified
Important Animals Not Specified
Juvenile See Comments; Food See Comments
Juvenile Anguilliformes Not Specified
Juvenile Perciformes Not Specified
Juvenile Cypriniformes Not Specified
Juvenile Siluriformes Adult stage
Juvenile Clupeiformes Adult stage
Juvenile Gasterosteiformes Not Specified
Juvenile Osteichthyes Adult stage
Juvenile Animals Adult stage
Adult Anguilliformes Not Specified
Adult Perciformes Adult stage
Adult Clupeiformes Adult stage
Adult Pleuronectiformes Not Specified
Adult Atheriniformes Adult stage
Adult Cypriniformes Adult stage
Adult Siluriformes Adult stage
Adult Gasterosteiformes Adult stage
Adult Batrachoidformes Not Specified
Adult Salmoniformes Not Specified
Adult Gadiformes Not Specified
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
Adult Osteichthyes Adult stage
Adult Malacostraca Adult stage
Adult Crustaceans Adult stage
Adult Squid, Octopus Adult stage
Adult Molluscs Adult stage
Adult Salientia Adult stage
Adult Amphibia Adult stage
Adult Animals Adult stage
REFERENCES FOR GENERAL FOOD - 2484, 88, 4147, 4142, 4156, 4165 and 4167
REFERENCES FOR IMPORTANT FOOD - 4167, 88, 4156 and 4142
REFERENCES FOR ADULT FOOD - 2484, 88, 4147, 4142, 4156, 4165 and 4167
REFERENCES FOR JUVENILE FOOD - 2484, 88, 4147 and 4142
COMMENTS ON FOOD -
Species feeds almost exclusively on marine fisheries such as shad, herring,
sunfish, black bass.
COMMENTS ON JUVENILE FOOD -
Nestlings feed on semi-digested liquids, then
semi-digested solids regurgitated by parents *2484,88*
Food Habits - 2 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Biodegradable Organics: Specified in Comments
G Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Mud or silt
G Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
G Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
G Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rubble
G Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Shallows with emergent vegetation [littoral zone]
G Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Dimly-lighted region without emergent vegetation
G Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
G Water Depth Preference: Less than 1 ft.
G Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
G Water Depth Preference: 5-10 ft.
G Water Depth Preference: 10-25 ft.
G Water Depth Preference: 25-50 ft.
G Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
G Terrestrial Features: Depressions
G Terrestrial Features: Bare ground
G Coastal Features: Rocky offshore islands
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Aquatic Features: Specified in Comments
G Inland Wetlands: Inland open fresh water
G Inland Wetlands: Wooded swamps
G Coastal Wetlands: Sounds and bays
G Decaying trees/Other Plants: Specified in Comments
G Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
G Other species [list in comments]
G Hardwood Forest: Birch
G Hardwood Forest: Other species [list in comments]
G Percent Canopy Closure of Preferred Trees: Specified in Comments
G Average Height of Overstory Trees: Specified in Comments
LIM Aquatic Features: Specified in Comments
LIM Biodegradable Organics: Specified in Comments
LIM Average Height of Overstory Trees: Specified in Comments
LIM Coastal Features: Rocky offshore islands
LIM Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
LIM Inland Wetlands: Wooded swamps
LIM Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Shallows with emergent vegetation [littoral zone]
LIM Terrestrial Features: Bare ground
LIM Terrestrial Features: Depressions
LIM Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
LIM Water Depth Preference: Less than 1 ft.
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
LIM Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
LIM Water Depth Preference: 5-10 ft.
LIM Water Depth Preference: 10-25 ft.
LIM Water Depth Preference: 25-50 ft.
LIM Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
LIM Vegetations Successional Stage: Bare rock
E Biodegradable Organics: Specified in Comments
RJ Hardwood Forest: Other species [list in comments]
RJ Terrestrial Features: Bare ground
FA Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Shallows with emergent vegetation [littoral zone]
FA Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Dimly-lighted region without emergent vegetation
FA Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
FA Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
FA Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rubble
FA Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Mud or silt
FA Water Depth Preference: Less than 1 ft.
FA Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
FA Water Depth Preference: 5-10 ft.
FA Water Depth Preference: 10-25 ft.
FA Coastal Features: Reefs
FA Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
FA Coastal Wetlands: Sounds and bays
RA Hardwood Forest: Other species [list in comments]
RA Hardwood Forest: Birch
RA Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
RA Coniferous Forest: Specified in Comments
BA Biodegradable Organics: Specified in Comments
BA Substrate: Rocks
BA Substrate: Wood
BA Substrate: Plants
BA Relation to Substrate: Occurs on substrate [not penetrating]
BA Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Shallows with emergent vegetation [littoral zone]
BA Water Depth Preference: Less than 1 ft.
BA Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
BA Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
BA Terrestrial Features: Depressions
BA Terrestrial Features: Bare ground
BA Coastal Features: Reefs
BA Coastal Features: Rocky offshore islands
BA Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
BA Aquatic Features: Specified in Comments
BA Inland Wetlands: Inland open fresh water
BA Inland Wetlands: Wooded swamps
BA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
BA Coniferous Forest: Specified in Comments
BA Hardwood Forest: Birch
BA Hardwood Forest: Other species [list in comments]
BA Average Height of Overstory Trees: Specified in Comments
BA Vegetations Successional Stage: Bare rock
REFERENCES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 88, 2484, 4147, 2488, 4159, 4143, 4148, 4162, 4163, 4160, 4157, 4142, 4150, 4156, 4154, 4165, 4158, 4153 and 4161
Environment Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
REFERENCES FOR LIMITING ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 2484, 2488, 4143, 4147, 4148, 4150, 4153, 4154, 4157, 4158, 4159, 4160, 4161, 4162, 4163, 4165 and 88
REFERENCES FOR FEEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 2484, 88, 4142 and 4159
REFERENCES FOR RESTING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 88, 4147, 4150 and 4158
REFERENCES FOR RESTING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 88, 2484, 4147, 4150 and 4158
REFERENCES FOR EGG ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 2488, 4143, 4148, 4163 and 4157
COMMENTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS -
Known to breed on rocky reefs and small islands of
small inland freshwater lakes *2484*; mining effluents and
pesticide toxicity discussed by sources
*2488,4143,4148,4162,4163,4160,4157*; nest trees reported 10-20
meters tall *4147*; known to nest in spruce trees *4158*; will
nest in cottonwood and cypress trees *624,4147*; overstory
canopy, nesting; standing water, any; flowing water, any;dead
trees or limbs, nesting; open canopy, nesting *88*;
cottonwood, birch, willow, spruce, cypress
*2484,4147,4150,4158*
COMMENTS ON RESTING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Roosts in cottonwood,cypress, and spruce trees
*88,4147,4150,4159*
COMMENTS ON BREEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Known to breed on rocky reefs and islets of
freshwater lakes *2484*; effects of pesticides on breeding
adults is discussed *2488*; nest in cypress, cottonwood,
birch,willow, and spruce trees *2484,4147,4150,4158*; nest
trees average 10-20 m in height *4147*; breeds in coastal
regions of southern U.S., New England, Labrador, Nova Scotia, and
northern lakes of U.S. *624,2484*
COMMENTS ON RESTING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Nestlings in birch, cottonwood, cypress, or
spruce trees, or on ground *88,4147,4150,4158,2484*
COMMENTS ON FEEDING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Food regurgitated by parents *2484,4142,4147*
COMMENTS ON EGG ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Effects of pesticides on eggs given by sources
*2488,4143,4148,4157*
Environment Associations - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFE HISTORY
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized cormorant, bill has
large nail, transverse rear margin of pouch straight or nearly so and
well posterior to line perpendicular to rear corner of eye, tail
graduated (12 feathers), back feathers broad (not lanceolate), sexes
similar, length 29-36 inches, wingspread 54 inches, weight 6 lbs *88*;
REPRODUCTION: breeding season December-October, peak April-June *88*;
incubation period 24.5 to 30 days, may start with laying of 1st to 3rd
egg *88,4147*; breeding behavior colonial, monogamous, detailed by
sources *2484,88*; minimum breeding age 3, rarely 2 years *88*; clutch
size 3-4, range 2-5 eggs *2484,88,4159,4147*; BEHAVIOR: territoriality =
breeding season, over nest site and adjoining perch *88,4145*; daily
periodicity = diurnal *88*; migration = breeding/wintering
*88,758,2484*; foraging strategy/sites = dive from surface, swim
underwater near surface or deeper using feet for propulsion, usually
bottom feeder, opportunistic, prefer schooling prey, prefer littoral
zone in inland waters, prefer flat sand or mud bottoms of coastal
waters, also rocky reefs, symbiotic feeding relationship with
mergansers, egrets, and pelicans *2484,88,4142,4144,41565*; nest site =
rocky or vegetated coastal islands, on bare ground among boulders, on
cliff tops, or in trees; also on inland freshwater lakes with swampy
regions, in live or dead trees, on islands, or rocky reefs; will accept
artificial nesting platforms; nests may have no structure or may be
large structures of sticks, seaweed, kelp, lined with feathers, grasses,
and bark; may use old nests or those of great blue herons (Ardea
herodias) *2484,88,4159,4155,4147,4158,4165,4150*; development of young
= altricial, able to leave nest at 5-6 weeks, fledge at about 10 weeks,
development of endothermy and energy expenditure discussed by first
three sources *4146,4149,4164,4147,2484,88*; parental care of young =
both parents incubate and feed, nestlings are brooded by shading
*2484,88,4147*; ORIGIN: native-non breeder *700,88*; POPULATION
PARAMETERS: mortality = egg 34%, related to nest position in colony and
protection afforded by habitat versus defense behavior
*4159,4147,4154,4165*; juvenile mortality is discussed *4159*;
AQUATIC/TERRESTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS = use nests built by great blue herons
(Ardea herodias) and share nest trees with that species
*4155,2484,4147*; predators of eggs/young = gulls, crows, and ravens
*4147,4154*
REFERENCES FOR LIFE HISTORY- 700, 88, 2484, 758, 4159, 4155, 4147, 4149, 4144, 4146, 4150, 4153, 4156, 4154, 4164, 4165, 4167, 4158 and 4145
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Proper handling and placement of overburden and spoil materials
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Predator control
Beneficial Creating/maintaining snags
Beneficial Maintaining large trees for denning, nesting, or roosting
Beneficial Providing artificial nesting/spawning sites
Beneficial Maintaining unique or special habitat features [wetlands, caves,
Beneficial Developing/maintaining water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Beneficial Developing/maintaining submerged brush, timber, debris, etc.
Beneficial Maintaining/protecting riparian habitats
Beneficial Developing/maintaining freshwater marsh
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Controlling sedimentation
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Controlling undesirable vertebrate species
Beneficial Controlling undesirable plant species
Adverse Applying pesticides
Adverse Applying insecticides
Adverse Underground mining
Adverse Creating impoundments
Adverse Constructing/maintaining bulkheads, seawalls, and dikes
Adverse Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Adverse Construction of navigational improvements [dams, locks, etc.]
Adverse Dredging
Adverse Applying herbicides
REFERENCES FOR BENEFICIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 4961, 4158, 507, 4690, 4452, 4679, 4143, 4148, 4162, 4163, 4160, 4157, 88, 2488, 4147, 4154, 4150, 4166, 4145 and 4153
REFERENCES FOR ADVERSE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 4961, 4158, 507, 4690, 4679, 4143, 4148, 4162, 4163, 4160, 4157, 2488, 4147, 4154, 4150, 4166 and 4165
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
References
88* LeGrand, H.E., Jr., Hamel, P.B. 1980. Bird-habitat
associations on southeastern forest lands. Dep. Zool., Clemson
Univ. Clemson S.C:276.
507* Harrison, H.H. 1975. A Field Guide to Birds' Nests of 285
Species Found Breeding in the United States East of the
Mississippi River. Petterson Field Guide Series No. 121.
Houghton Mifflin Boston, Massechusetts:257.
624* Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zim, H.S. 1966. Birds of North
America: A Guide to Field Identification. Golden Press New York,
N.Y:340.
700* Ornithology, Virginia Society of. 1979. Virginia's
Birdlife: An Annotated Check-list. Virginia Avifauna No. 2.
Virginia Society of Ornithology Lynchburg, Va:118.
758* (ed.)1982. Fish and wildlife. 50 CFR 10 (Code of Federal
Regulations). General Serv. Admin. Washington, D.C:7.
999* Wrobel, D.J., Gergits, W.F., Jaegar, R.J. 1980. An
experimental study of interference competition among terrestrial
salamanders. Ecology 61:1034-1039.
1086* Kelly, G. M. 1973. The biology of an isolated porcupine
population. M. S. Thesis, University of Mass. UNPB:48.
1740* Zinkl, J.G. 1982. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
compounds. Noninfectious Diseases of Wildlife Hoff, G.L., Davis,
J.W. Iowa State University Press Ames, Iowa:31-37.
1756* Threlfall, W. 1982. Endoparasites of the double-crested
cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) in Florida. Proc. Helminthol.
Soc. Wash. 49(1):103-108.
1791* Deardorff, T.L., Overstreet, R.M. 1980. Contracaecum
multipapillatum (=C. robustum) from fishes and birds in the
northern Gulf of Mexico. J. Parasitol. 66(5):853-856.
1802* Montgomery, R.D., Stein, G., Jr., Stotts, V.D., Settle,
F.H. 1979. The 1978 epornitic of avian cholera on the Chesapeake
Bay. Avian Dis. 23(4):966-978.
1869* Cooper, L.C., Crites, J.L., Fastzkie, J.S. 1978.
Experimental and natural infections of Eustrongylides sp.
(Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in waterfowl and shore birds. Avian
Dis. 22(4):790-792.
1901* Fowler, M.E. 1978. Miscellaneous waterbirds (Gaviiformes,
Podicipediformes, Procellariformes, Pelicaniformes, and
Charadriiformes). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Fowler, M.E. W.B.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
Saunders Co. Phildelphia:213-217.
1913* Peters, H.S. 1936. A list of external parasites from birds
of the eastern part of the United States. Bird-Banding 7:9-27.
1993* Huizinga, H.W. 1971. Contracaeciasis in Pelicaniform
birds. J. Wildl. Dis. 7:198-204.
2004* Domermuth, C.H., Forrester, D.J., Trainer, D.O., Bigler,
W.J. 1977. Serologic examination of wild birds for hemorrhagic
enteritis of turkey and marble spleen disease of pheasants. J.
Wildl. Dis. 13:405-408.
2484* Bent, A.C. 1922. Life histories of North American petrels
and pelicans and their allies. Dover Publ., Inc. New York:355.
2488* Anderson, D.W., Hickey, J.J., Reisbrough, R.W., Hughes,
D.F., Christensen, R.E. 1969. Significance of chlorinated
hydrocarbon residues to breeding pelicans and cormorants. Can.
Field-Nat 83:91-112.
4142* Robertson, I. 1974. The food of nesting double-crested and
pelagic cormorants at Mandarte Island. Condor 76(3):346-348.
4143* Greichus, Y.A., Warman, J.J., Pearson, M.A., Call, D.J.
1974. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in bird tissues and
aroclar standards with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11(2)6:113-120.
4144* Lamm, D.W. 1975. Symbiotic relationships within a mixed
waterfowl assembly. Condor 77(2):207.
4145* Kury, C.R., Gochfeld, M. 1975. Human interference and gull
predation in cormorant colonies. Biolog. Conserv. 8(1):23-24.
4146* Dunn, E.H. 1975. Growth, body components, and energy
content of nestling double-crested cormorants. Condor
77(4):431-438.
4147* Mitchell, R.M. 1977. Breeding biology of the
double-crested cormorant on Utah Lake. Great Basin Nat.
37(1):1-23.
4148* Zitko, V. 1976. Levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons in eggs
of double-crested cormorants from 1971-1975. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 16(4):399-405.
4149* Dunn, E.H. 1976. Development of endothermy and existence
energy expenditure of nestling double-crested cormorants. Condor
78(3):350-356.
4150* Ellison, L.N., Cleary, L. 1978. Effects of human
disturbance on breeding of double-crested cormorants. Auk
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
95(3):510-517.
4152* Threlfall, W. 1982. Ectoparasites (Mallophaga, Acarina)
from the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) in
Florida. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84(2):369-375.
4153* Meier, T.I. 1981. Artificial nesting structures for the
double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus). Wis. Dept.
Nat. Resour. Tech. Bull. 126:1-12.
4154* Siegel-Causey, D., Hung, G.L., Jr. 1981. Colonial defense
behavior in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus)
and pelagic cormorants (Phalacrocorax pelagicus). Auk
98(3):522-531.
4155* Thompson, L.S. 1981. Nest-tree sharing by herons (Ardea
herodias) and cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in Montana.
Can. Field-Nat. 95(3):257-531.
4156* Ainley, D.G., Anderson, D.W., Kelly, P.R. 1981. Feeding
ecology of marine cormorants in southwestern North America.
Condor 83(2):120-131.
4157* Pearce, P.A., Peakall, D.B., Reynolds, L.M. 1979. Shell
thinning and residues of organochlorides and mercury in seabird
eggs, eastern Canada, 1970-1976. Pestic. Monit. J. 13(2):61-68.
4158* Lock, A.R., Ross, R.K. 1973. The nesting of the great
cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) and the double-crested cormorant
(Phalacrocorax auritus) in Nova Scotia in 1971. Can. Field-Nat.
87:43-49.
4159* Tanner, G.G., Taylor, W.K. 1979. Reproductive parameters
for nine avian species at Moore Creek, Merritt Island National
Wildlife Refuge, Florida. Fla. Sci. 42(2):94-102.
4160* Hesse, L.W., Brown, R.L., Heisinger, J.F. 1975. Mercury
contamination of birds from a polluted watershed. J. Wildl.
Manage. 39(2):299-304.
4161* Greichus, A., McDaniel, B., Greichus, Y.A. 1974. Effects
of orally administered insecticides and polychlorinated
biphenyls on the parasite fauna of two species of piscivorous
birds. Exp. Parasitol. 35(2):248-252.
4162* Greichus, Y.A., Hannon, M.R. 1973. Distribution and
biochemical effects of DDT, DDD, and DDE in penned
double-crested cormorants. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.
26(4):483-494.
4163* Zitko, V., Choi, P.M.K. 1972. PCB and p, p'-DDE in eggs of
cormorants, gulls, and ducks from the Bay of Fundy, Canada.
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 7(1):63-64.
References - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species cormorant, double-crested
Species Id M040024
Date 26 AUG 96
4164* Lasiewiski, R.C., Snyder, G.K. 1969. Response to high
temperature in nestling double-crested cormorants and pelagic
cormorants. Auk 86:529-540.
4165* McLeod, J.A., Bondar, G.F. 1953. A brief study of the
double-crested cormorant on Lake Winnipegosis. Can Field-Nat.
67:1-11.
4166* Gross, A.O. 1950. The herring gull-cormorant control
project. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Ornithol.:532-536.
4167* Scattergood, L. 1950. Observations on the food habits of
the double-crested cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus auritus. Auk
67:506-508.
4452* Wilson, J.D.. MO Dept. of Conservation.
4679* Fredrickson, L.H...
4690* Nordstrom, G.R., Pflieger, W.L., Sadler, K.C., LEWIS, W.H.
1977. Rare & Endangered Species of Missouri. MO DEPT
CONSERVATION & USDA SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE:129.
4961* Blem, C.R., Gutybe, W.H., Filemys, C. 1980. First breeding
record of the double-crested cormorant in Virginia. Wilson Bull.
92(1):127-128.
6600* Dumont, P.A. 1934. The double-crested cormorant nesting in
southeastern Iowa. AUK 51:509-510.
References - 4