(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - ibis, glossy
OTHER COMMON NAMES -
ELEMENT CODE - 02/21/85
AOU CODE - 12/05/86
03/23/88
CATEGORY - Birds
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - Chordata,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - Aves,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - Ciconiiformes,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - Threskiornithidae,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - Plegadis,
SPECIES AND SSP - falcinellus,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - Plegadis falcinellus
AUTHORITY - Linnaeus
TAXONOMY REFERENCES - 624 and 2484
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Formerly Tantalus falcinellus *2484*
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Federal Migratory
Nongame-Protected
Sensitive
Biological Indicator
See Comments
REFERENCES FOR STATUS - 758, 4248, 3980, 4232 and 3981
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
reproductively sensitive to pollutants *4248,3980*; under consideration as
biological indicator *4232,3981* breeds along coast, at Hog Is. and along
Chesapeake Bay. Abundant transient and summer resident along coast, uncommon
to rare transient inland. Uncommon to rare winter visitor.*8511*
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Distribution
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
DISTRIBUTION
References on County Occurrence - 007, 023, 037, 057, 073, 089, 141, 159, 175, 193, 540, 610, 680, 009, 025, 041, 059, 075, 107, 125, 143, 177, 550, 620, 690, 760, 830, 011, 061, 093, 109, 127, 145, 179, 630, 700, 013, 029, 079, 095, 111, 131, 147, 181, 199, 570, 710, 031, 047, 065, 081, 097, 113, 133, 149, 183, 510, 650, 780, 001, 033, 049, 067, 083, 099, 115, 135, 153, 515, 590, 730, 003, 019, 085, 101, 117, 137, 520, 595, 670, 800, 036, 053, 087, 103, 119, 157, 600, 740 and 810
References on Seasonal Occurrence - Abundant transient and summer resident along coast,
uncommon to rare transient inland; uncommon to rare winter visitor along
coast; Rare spring transient in Piedmont and Mtns and Valleys and rare summer
visitor to Mtns and Valleys.Peak counts occur along the coast during summer.
*8511*
References on County Abundance - 007, 037, 057, 089, 141, 159, 175, 540, 610, 680, 009, 025, 041, 059, 075, 107, 125, 143, 177, 620, 690, 760, 011, 061, 109, 127, 145, 179, 630, 013, 029, 079, 111, 147, 199, 570, 031, 047, 065, 081, 097, 113, 149, 183, 510, 780, 033, 049, 067, 083, 099, 135, 153, 515, 590, 730, 003, 019, 085, 101, 117, 137, 520, 595, 670, 036, 053, 087, 157, 600, 740, 999, 810, 119, 103, 800, 115, 001, 650, 133, 710, 181, 131, 095, 700, 093, 830, 550, 193, 073 and 999
REFERENCES FOR HYDROLOGIC UNIT CODES - 001, 131, 199, 810 and 650
OTHER DISTRIBUTION
REFERENCES FOR OTHER DISTRIBUTION - D
Comments on Distribution -
Abundant transient and summer resident along coast, uncommon to rare transient
inland. Uncommon to rare winter visitor.*8511*
Distribution - 1 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
REFERENCES FOR HABITAT - 2484
REFERENCES FOR FSIZE - 2484, 431 and 606
LAND USE -
Forest Land
Deciduous Forest Land
Evergreen Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land
Water
Streams and Canals
Lakes
Reservoirs
Bays and Estuaries
Chesapeake Bay
Wetland
Forested Wetland
Nonforested Wetland
Barren Land
Beaches
Sandy Areas other than Beaches
REFERENCES FOR LAND USE - 4250, 4247, 606, 431, 4246 and 4253
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Palustrine SS5
Palustrine EM1
Palustrine EM2
Palustrine SS.
Lacustrine, littoral EM.
Riverine, lower perennial FL2
Estuarine, intertidal
Marine, intertidal
REFERENCES FOR NWI - 4469, 431, 606, 2484, 4247, 4245, 4250 and 4229
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
SAF = forest types not specified, uses willow, cypress,
oak, juniper, arrowwood, mangrove, gum, cherry, and buckthorn
*4247,606,4251*
ANIMAL/PLANT SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS -
606
1067
4246
1067
4246
POTENTIAL NATURAL VEGETATION -
065 Northern Cordgrass Prairie (Distichlis-Spartina)
095 Appalachian Oak Forest (Quercus)
Habitat Associations - 1 POTENTIAL NATURAL VEGETATION -
101 Oak - Hickory - Pine Forest (Quercus-Carya-Pinus)
103 Southern Floodplain Forest (Quercus-Nyssa-Taxodium)
REFERENCES FOR PNV - 700 and 4253
ECOREGION -
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Plains with Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Irregular Plains
Appalachian Oak forest: Plains with High Hills
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Irregular Plains, slight rel
Appalachian Oak Forest: Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Open Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Open Hills
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Plains with High Hills
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Flat Plains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Plains with Hills
REFERENCES FOR ECOREGION - 700 AND 4253
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
Carnivore
REFERENCES FOR TROPHIC LEVEL - 431 and 2484
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Serpentes Not Specified
General Reptilia Not Specified
General Amphibia Not Specified
General Osteichthyes Not Specified
General Malacostraca Adult stage
General Crustaceans Adult stage
General Orthoptera Adult stage
General Diptera Not Specified
General Coleoptera Not Specified
General Odonata Adult stage
General Trichoptera Not Specified
General Insects Adult stage
General Insects Larva stage
General Hirudineans Adult stage
General Annelids Adult stage
General Molluscs Not Specified
General Animals Larva stage
General Animals Adult stage
Important Malacostraca Adult stage
Important Crustaceans Adult stage
Important Diptera Not Specified
Important Coleoptera Not Specified
Important Orthoptera Adult stage
Important Trichoptera Not Specified
Important Odonata Adult stage
Important Insects Larva stage
Important Animals Adult stage
Important Animals Larva stage
Juvenile Serpentes Not Specified
Juvenile Reptilia Not Specified
Juvenile Malacostraca Adult stage
Juvenile Crustaceans Adult stage
Juvenile Orthoptera Not Specified
Juvenile Insects Not Specified
Juvenile Animals Adult stage
Adult Serpentes Not Specified
Adult Reptilia Not Specified
Adult Amphibia Not Specified
Adult Osteichthyes Not Specified
Adult Malacostraca Adult stage
Adult Crustaceans Adult stage
Adult Orthoptera Adult stage
Adult Diptera Not Specified
Adult Coleoptera Not Specified
Adult Odonata Adult stage
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
Adult Trichoptera Not Specified
Adult Insects Adult stage
Adult Insects Larva stage
Adult Hirudineans Adult stage
Adult Annelids Adult stage
Adult Molluscs Not Specified
Adult Animals Larva stage
Adult Animals Adult stage
Adult Crustaceans Not Specified
Adult Malacostraca Not Specified
Adult Insects Not Specified
Adult Orthoptera Not Specified
Adult Lepidoptera Larva stage
Adult Reptilia Juvenile stage
Adult Serpentes Juvenile stage
REFERENCES FOR GENERAL FOOD - 431, 606, 2484 and 4253
REFERENCES FOR IMPORTANT FOOD - 4253, 606 and 2484
REFERENCES FOR ADULT FOOD - 4453, 4450, 4398, 431, 606, 2484 and 4253
REFERENCES FOR JUVENILE FOOD - 431
COMMENTS ON FOOD -
crawfish are the major food item. Grasshoppers, cutworms and small snakes
are also eaten.
Food Habits - 2 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Biodegradable Organics: Specified in Comments
G Substrate: Wood
G Substrate: Plants
G Relation to Substrate: Occurs on substrate [not penetrating]
G Flow: Rivers [greater than 5000 cfs mean annual low]
G Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Shallows with emergent vegetation [littoral zone]
G Reservoir Water: Fluctuating reservoir levels
G Terrestrial Features: Snags
G Coastal Features: Sand beaches
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Aquatic Features: Specified in Comments
G Inland Wetlands: Seasonally flooded lands with emergent vegetation
G Inland Wetlands: Inland shallow fresh marshes
G Inland Wetlands: Inland deep fresh marshes
G Inland Wetlands: Inland open fresh water
G Inland Wetlands: Shrub swamps
G Inland Wetlands: Wooded swamps
G Coastal Wetlands: Coastal shallow fresh marsh
G Coastal Wetlands: Coastal salt meadows
G Coastal Wetlands: Regularly flooded salt marshes
G Coastal Wetlands: Sounds and bays
G Coastal Wetlands: Mangrove swamps
G Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
G Pastures: Specified in Comments
G Meadows: Specified in Comments
G Shrubs: Sumac
G Shrubs: Elderberry
G Shrubs: Buckthorn
G Shrubs: Bayberry
G Vines: Poison-ivy
G Coniferous Forest: Eastern redcedar
G Hardwood Forest: White oak
G Hardwood Forest: Willow
G Hardwood Forest: Cherry
G Hardwood Forest: Other species [list in comments]
G Agricultural Crops: Specified in Comments
G Vegetations Successional Stage: Stable forest
G Vegetations Successional Stage: Subclimax forest
G Vegetations Successional Stage: Climax forest
G Human Association: National parks/historic landmarks
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Human Association: Specified in Comments
LIM Aquatic Features: Specified in Comments
LIM Inland Wetlands: Seasonally flooded lands with emergent vegetation
LIM Shrubs: Sumac
LIM Terrestrial Features: Snags
LIM Hardwood Forest: White oak
LIM Hardwood Forest: Other species [list in comments]
LIM Inland Wetlands: Inland deep fresh marshes
LIM Vines: Poison-ivy
LIM Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
LIM Biodegradable Organics: Specified in Comments
LIM Inland Wetlands: Inland shallow fresh marshes
LIM Shrubs: Bayberry
LIM Coastal Wetlands: Coastal shallow fresh marsh
LIM Inland Wetlands: Inland open fresh water
LIM Hardwood Forest: Willow
LIM Shrubs: Elderberry
LIM Vegetations Successional Stage: Stable forest
LIM Inland Wetlands: Shrub swamps
LIM Coastal Wetlands: Mangrove swamps
LIM Shrubs: Buckthorn
LIM Vegetations Successional Stage: Subclimax forest
LIM Inland Wetlands: Wooded swamps
LIM Coniferous Forest: Eastern redcedar
LIM Hardwood Forest: Cherry
LIM Vegetations Successional Stage: Climax forest
E Biodegradable Organics: Specified in Comments
FJ Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Shallows with emergent vegetation [littoral zone]
FJ Inland Wetlands: Inland open fresh water
FJ Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
FJ Inland Wetlands: Specified in Comments
RJ Inland Wetlands: Shrub swamps
RJ Hardwood Forest: Cherry
RJ Inland Wetlands: Wooded swamps
RJ Hardwood Forest: Other species [list in comments]
RJ Shrubs: Elderberry
RJ Hardwood Forest: White oak
RJ Shrubs: Sumac
RJ Coastal Wetlands: Mangrove swamps
RJ Shrubs: Buckthorn
RJ Hardwood Forest: Willow
RJ Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
RJ Inland Wetlands: Specified in Comments
FA Inland Wetlands: Seasonally flooded lands with emergent vegetation
FA Coastal Wetlands: Coastal shallow fresh marsh
FA Coastal Wetlands: Regularly flooded salt marshes
FA Inland Wetlands: Inland shallow fresh marshes
FA Coastal Features: Sand beaches
FA Reservoir Water: Fluctuating reservoir levels
FA Inland Wetlands: Inland deep fresh marshes
FA Pastures: Specified in Comments
FA Inland Wetlands: Inland open fresh water
Environment Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
FA Meadows: Specified in Comments
FA Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Shallows with emergent vegetation [littoral zone]
FA Agricultural Crops: Specified in Comments
FA Flow: Rivers [greater than 5000 cfs mean annual low]
FA Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
FA Inland Wetlands: Specified in Comments
RA Inland Wetlands: Inland open fresh water
RA Hardwood Forest: Cherry
RA Inland Wetlands: Wooded swamps
RA Hardwood Forest: Other species [list in comments]
RA Shrubs: Elderberry
RA Hardwood Forest: White oak
RA Shrubs: Sumac
RA Coastal Wetlands: Mangrove swamps
RA Shrubs: Buckthorn
RA Hardwood Forest: Willow
RA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
RA Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
RA Inland Wetlands: Specified in Comments
BA Substrate: Wood
BA Inland Wetlands: Inland shallow fresh marshes
BA Hardwood Forest: Willow
BA Shrubs: Elderberry
BA Terrestrial Features: Snags
BA Substrate: Plants
BA Inland Wetlands: Inland deep fresh marshes
BA Hardwood Forest: Cherry
BA Shrubs: Buckthorn
BA Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
BA Relation to Substrate: Occurs on substrate [not penetrating]
BA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
BA Coniferous Forest: Eastern redcedar
BA Inland Wetlands: Shrub swamps
BA Vegetations Successional Stage: Stable forest
BA Aquatic Features: Specified in Comments
BA Coastal Features: Sand beaches
BA Shrubs: Sumac
BA Inland Wetlands: Wooded swamps
BA Vegetations Successional Stage: Subclimax forest
BA Hardwood Forest: Other species [list in comments]
BA Coastal Wetlands: Coastal shallow fresh marsh
BA Vines: Poison-ivy
BA Coastal Wetlands: Mangrove swamps
BA Vegetations Successional Stage: Climax forest
BA Hardwood Forest: White oak
BA Shrubs: Bayberry
BA Inland Wetlands: Seasonally flooded lands with emergent vegetation
BA Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
BA Inland Wetlands: Specified in Comments
REFERENCES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 431, 3981, 606, 4247, 2484, 4248, 3980, 1067, 4249, 4245, 4250, 4251, 4252, 4246 and 4253
Environment Associations - 3 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
REFERENCES FOR LIMITING ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 431, 3981, 606, 4247, 2484, 4248, 3980, 1067, 4249, 4245, 4250, 4251, 4246 and 4253
REFERENCES FOR FEEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 431 and 606
REFERENCES FOR RESTING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 431, 606, 2484 and 4247
REFERENCES FOR FEEDING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 4453 and 431
REFERENCES FOR RESTING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 606, 431 and 4247
REFERENCES FOR EGG ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 4248 and 3980
COMMENTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS -
breeds on inland vegetated islands *431,3981*;
inhabits fresh, brackish, and salt water habitats *606*;
breeds in cypress, gum, and arrowwood swamps *4247,60*;
feeds in irrigated farmland, rice fields, and flooded
pastures *2484*; eggshell thickness affected by insecticides
and other pesticides *4248,3980*
COMMENTS ON RESTING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
baldcypress, gum, arrowwood *431,606,4247*;
adults continue to roost at nest site after young have fledged
*06*
COMMENTS ON FEEDING ADULT ENVIRONTAL ASSOC_ -
feed in flooded and irrigated
cropland and pasture *2484*
COMMENTS ON BREEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
breeds on inland vegetated islands in fresh
water habitats *431,3981*; breeds in cypress and gum swamps and
in arrowwood, and on ground *606,1067,4247,4246*; nests on
ground or in trees and shrubs at heights of 0.1 to 7 meters above ground
*4252,1067,3981,4247,2484,431*
COMMENTS ON RESTING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
bald cypress, gum, arrowwood *606,4247*
COMMENTS ON EGG ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Eggshell thinning due to insecticides and other
pesticides is discussed *4248,3980*
Environment Associations - 4 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFE HISTORY
origin: native *700*; physical description: bill long
slender and evenly decurved, upper mandible rigid and lower grooved,
small slit like nostrils, bare facial area, tibia half bare, legs and
feet long and slender, claws long, sexes similar, male slightly larger,
length 19-26 inches, wingspread to 38 inches, weight up to 28 oz *606*
reproduction: breeding season = May-June in Virginia *700*; incubation
period = 21 days *431,606,2484,4253*; reproductive periods/year = 1
brood *2484*; breeding behavior = colonial, monogamous, mutual bowing
and allopreening, details lacking *431,2484,4245*; clutch size = range
1-6, usually 3-4, varies geographically (2.93 eggs/nest in Virginia)
*4232,2484,606,431,3981,4246,4253*; behavior: territoriality = over nest
site during breeding season *431*; dispersion = 'a chronic wander', post
breeding in particular *606*; migration = migratory and dispersive
*2484*; foraging strategy/sites = wader, probes with bill, feeds in
littoral zone of lakes, emergent marsh habitats, floodlands, deltas,
estuaries, salt marshes, impoundments, rivers, irrigated farmland, rice
fields, and sometimes sandy beaches *431,606,2484,4250,4229*; nest site
= most common in swamps of willow, cypress, mangrove, and gum, or in
shrubs such as bayberry, elder, and sumac; often nests on inland islands
and coastal vegetated islands, in trees 0.1 to 7 meters above ground,
sometimes nest on ground; nest 13-54 cm in height, composed of sticks
and twigs, sometimes lined with green vegetation; will use abandoned
nest of snowy egret *606,2484,4245,4250,4251,4252,4246,4229,4253 *;
development of young = asynchronous hatching, semi-altricial and
nidicolous, fledge at 28 days, remain near nest until 50 days old then
travel with parents to forage *431,606,2484,4246,4253*; parental care =
incubation is done primarily by female, both parents brood and feed
*431,606,2484*; population parameters = mortality rates = 13.6% of eggs
laid hatched young, 42% nestling mortality during first 2 wks; in a
second study egg mortality was due mostly to predation, nestling
mortality was due to predation and starvation *3981,4246*; survival
rates = in three studies hatching success was 96%, 49%, and 36-56% of
total eggs laid; fledging success in four studies was 43% (at 2 wks),
88%, 36-71%, and 34%,
*1067,4232,4246,4253*; terrestrial associations: social breeder, often
nesting in mixed colonies of herons, egrets, and other ibises *606*
REFERENCES FOR LIFE HISTORY- 700, 431, 606, 2484, 1067, 4232, 3981, 4245, 4250, 4251, 4252, 4246, 4229 and 4253
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Developing/maintaining brackish marsh
Beneficial Developing/maintaining saline marsh
Beneficial Developing/maintaining freshwater marsh
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Maintaining/protecting riparian habitats
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Maintaining early stages of ecological succession
Beneficial Developing/maintaining edge [ecotones]
Beneficial Maintaining unique or special habitat features [wetlands, caves,
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Adverse Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Adverse Clearing/snagging
Adverse Applying pesticides
Adverse Applying insecticides
Adverse Dredging
REFERENCES FOR BENEFICIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 4248, 3980, 4232, 2484 and 3981
REFERENCES FOR ADVERSE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 4248, 3980, 4232 and 3981
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
References
431* Bent, A.C. 1926. Life histories of North American marsh
birds. Bull. 135. U.S. Natl. Mus. Washington, D.C:490.
606* Palmer, R.S. 1962. Handbook of North American Birds. I.
Yale Univ. Press New Haven, Conn:557.
624* Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zim, H.S. 1966. Birds of North
America: A Guide to Field Identification. Golden Press New York,
N.Y:340.
700* Ornithology, Virginia Society of. 1979. Virginia's
Birdlife: An Annotated Check-list. Virginia Avifauna No. 2.
Virginia Society of Ornithology Lynchburg, Va:118.
758* (ed.)1982. Fish and wildlife. 50 CFR 10 (Code of Federal
Regulations). General Serv. Admin. Washington, D.C:7.
1067* Burger, J. 1978. Competition between cattle egrets and
native North American herons, egrets, and ibises. Condor
80:15-23.
2484* Bent, A.C. 1922. Life histories of North American petrels
and pelicans and their allies. Dover Publ., Inc. New York:355.
3980* Ohlendorf, H.M., Klass, E.E., Kaiser, T.E. 1979.
Environmental pollutants and eggshell thickness: Anhingas and
wading birds in the eastern United States. Spec. Sci. Rep. U.S.
Fish. Wildl. Serv. 216:1-94.
3981* Girrard, G.T., Taylor, W.K. 1979. Reproductive parameters
for nine avian species at Moore Creek, Merritt Island National
Wildlife Refuge Florida. Fla. Sci. 42(2):94-102.
4229* Custer, T.W., Osborn, R.G. 1978. Feeding habitat use by
colonial-breeding herons, egrets, and ibises in North Carolina.
Auk 95(4):733-743.
4232* Custer, T.W., Osborn, R.G. 1977. Wading birds as
biological indicators: 1975 colony survey. U.S. Fish Wildl.
Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl 206:1-28.
4245* Burger, J., Miller, L.M. 1977. Colony and nest site
selection in white faced and glossy ibises. Auk 94(4):664-676.
4246* Miller, L.M., Burger, J. 1978. Factors affecting nesting
success of the glossy ibis. Auk 95(2):353-361.
4247* Beaver, D.L., Osbourn, R.G., Custer, T.W. 1980. Nest site
and colony characteristics of wading birds in selected Atlantic
coast colonies. Wilson Bull. 92(2):200-220.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species ibis, glossy
Species Id M040040
Date 26 AUG 96
4248* Blus, L.J., Lamont, T.G. 1979. Organochloride residues in
6 species of estuarine birds, South Carolina, 1981-1975. Pestic.
Monit. J. 13(2):56-60.
4249* Burger, J. 1979. Resource partitioning: nest site
selection in mixed species colonies of herons, egrets and
ibises. Am. Midl. Nat. 101(1):191-210.
4250* Gaston, G.R., Johnson, P.G. 1977. Nesting success and
mortality of nestlings in a coastal Alabama heron-egret colony.
Northeast Gulf Sci. 1(1):14-22.
4251* Stewart, R.E. 1957. Eastern glossy ibis nesting in
southeastern Maryland. Auk 74:509.
4252* Post, P.W. 1962. Glossy ibis breeding in New York. Auk
79:120-121.
4253* Williams, B. 1975. Growth rate and nesting aspects for the
glossy ibis in Virginia. The Raven 46:35-50.
4398* Thom, R.H., Wilson, J.H. 1980. The natural divisions.
Trans. Missouri Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
4450* (ed.). Vegetative Components. MO Dept. Conservation.
4453* Degraaf, R.M., Whitman, G.M., Lanier, J.W., Hill, B.J.,
Keniston, J.M. 1980. Forest Habitat for Birds of the NE.
U.S.D.A.F.S:598.
4469* Fredrickson, L.H.. Personal communication..
References - 2