(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species sandpiper, spotted
Species Id M040134
Date 26 AUG 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - sandpiper, spotted
OTHER COMMON NAMES -
ELEMENT CODE - 03/10/84
AOU CODE - 03/05/87
03/29/88
CATEGORY - Birds
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - Chordata,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - Aves,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - Charadriiformes,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - Scolopacidae,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - Actitis,
SPECIES AND SSP - macularia,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - Actitis macularia
AUTHORITY - Linnaeus
TAXONOMY REFERENCES - 1500
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species sandpiper, spotted
Species Id M040134
Date 26 AUG 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Federal Migratory
Nongame-Protected
State endangered
Other, no FMP or PMP exists
REFERENCES FOR STATUS - 758
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
Breeds commonly in the mts and valleys and casually elsewhere. Common
transient, uncommon summer resident, and rare winter visitor statewide.
*8511*
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Distribution
Species sandpiper, spotted
Species Id M040134
Date 26 AUG 96
DISTRIBUTION
References on County Occurrence - 001, 003, 005, 007, 009, 011, 013, 015, 017, 019, 021, 023, 025, 027, 029, 031, 033, 035, 036, 037, 041, 043, 045, 047, 049, 051, 053, 057, 059, 061, 063, 065, 067, 069, 071, 073, 075, 077, 079, 081, 083, 085, 087, 089, 091, 093, 095, 097, 099, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 125, 127, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 510, 515, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 595, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 678, 680, 683, 685, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770, 775, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, CB1, CB2, CB3 and AO1
References on Seasonal Occurrence - Common transient, uncommon summer resident, and rare winter visitor statewide.
Peak counts occur in the mts and valleys in Spring.*8511*
References on County Abundance - 001, 003, 005, 007, 009, 011, 013, 015, 017, 019, 021, 023, 025, 027, 029, 031, 033, 035, 036, 037, 041, 043, 045, 047, 049, 051, 053, 057, 059, 061, 063, 065, 067, 069, 071, 073, 075, 077, 079, 081, 083, 085, 087, 089, 091, 093, 095, 097, 099, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 125, 127, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 510, 515, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 595, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 678, 680, 683, 685, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770, 775, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, CB1, CB2, CB3 and AO1
REFERENCES FOR HYDROLOGIC UNIT CODES - 001, 003, 005, 007, 009, 011, 013, 015, 017, 019, 021, 023, 025, 027, 029, 031, 033, 035, 036, 037, 041, 043, 045, 047, 049, 051, 053, 057, 059, 061, 063, 065, 067, 069, 071, 073, 075, 077, 079, 081, 083, 085, 087, 089, 091, 093, 095, 097, 099, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 125, 127, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 510, 515, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 595, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 678, 680, 683, 685, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770, 775, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, CB1, CB2, CB3 and AO1
REFERENCES FOR OTHER DISTRIBUTION - F
Comments on Distribution -
Common transient, uncommon summer resident, and rare winter visitor statewide.
*8511*
Distribution - 1 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - Riparian
REFERENCES FOR HABITAT - 541 and 1500
U_S. FOREST SERVICE FOREST SIZE CLASS
Unstocked
REFERENCES FOR FSIZE - 541 and 1500
LAND USE -
Wetland
Nonforested Wetland
Agricultural Land
Cropland and Pasture
Water
Streams and Canals
Lakes
Reservoirs
Bays and Estuaries
REFERENCES FOR LAND USE - 4470 and 541
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Marine, intertidal BB2
Estuarine, intertidal FL.
Palustrine FL.
Riverine, lower perennial RS.
Riverine, lower perennial BB.
Riverine, upper perennial
Lacustrine, littoral
Lacustrine, limnetic
REFERENCES FOR NWI - 4469, 4470, 528, 676 and 541
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Species occurs in a wide array of habitats ranging from
sea level to mountains; seems to require only open terrain with
temporary pools, lakes, streams, rivers, marshes,or impoundments, where
it forages for food *541*; also found feeding along beaches, muddy
shores of creeks and inlets; feeds along sandy ponds, sluggish meadow
streams, mountain torrents; in farm areas feeds in meadows, fields, and
gardens *1500*
ANIMAL/PLANT SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS -
541
Habitat Associations - 1 POTENTIAL NATURAL VEGETATION -
065 Northern Cordgrass Prairie (Distichlis-Spartina)
094 Mixed Mesophytic Forest (Acer-Aesculus-Fagus-Lirioden
095 Appalachian Oak Forest (Quercus)
097 Northern Hardwoods (Acer-Betula-Fagus-Tsuga)
101 Oak - Hickory - Pine Forest (Quercus-Carya-Pinus)
103 Southern Floodplain Forest (Quercus-Nyssa-Taxodium)
REFERENCES FOR PNV - 700
ECOREGION -
Mixed mesophytic Forest: Low Mountains
Appalachian Oak forest: Plains with High Hills
Appalachian Oak Forest: Plains with Low Mountains
Appalachian Oak Forest: Open Hills
Appalachian Oak Forest: Open Low Mountains
Appalachian Oak Forest: Irregular Plains
Appalachian Oak Forest: Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Plains with High Hills
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Plains with Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Open Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Flat Plains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Irregular Plains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Irregular Plains, slight rel
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Open Hills
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Plains with Hills
REFERENCES FOR ECOREGION - 700
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species sandpiper, spotted
Species Id M040134
Date 26 AUG 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
Carnivore
REFERENCES FOR TROPHIC LEVEL - 541 and 1500
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Malacostraca Juvenile stage
General Mallophaga Adult stage
General Orthoptera Adult stage
General Homoptera Adult stage
General Lepidoptera Juvenile stage
General Coleoptera Larva stage
General Coleoptera Adult stage
General Salmoniformes Juvenile stage
General Insects Juvenile stage
General Insects Adult stage
General Annelids Adult stage
General Animals Juvenile stage
General Animals Adult stage
General See Comments; Food See Comments
Juvenile Diptera Larva stage
Juvenile Diptera Pupa stage
Juvenile Diptera Adult stage
Juvenile Ephemeroptera Not Specified
Juvenile Orthoptera Not Specified
Juvenile Coleoptera Not Specified
Juvenile Lepidoptera Larva stage
Adult Orthoptera Not Specified
Adult Lepidoptera Juvenile stage
Adult Coleoptera Adult stage
Adult Insects Larva stage
Adult Insects Not Specified
Adult Salmoniformes Juvenile stage
Adult Malacostraca Not Specified
Adult Molluscs Not Specified
Adult Arachnids Not Specified
REFERENCES FOR GENERAL FOOD - 541 and 1500
REFERENCES FOR ADULT FOOD - 6158, 5731, 6446, 4948, 5729 and 541
REFERENCES FOR JUVENILE FOOD - 4470
COMMENTS ON FOOD -
Eats a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial insects;
captures insects out of air and off ground; eats many grasshoppers,
crickets, cutworms, cabbage worms, beetles, army worms, grubs,
caterpillars, and other insects of cultivated land; occasionally eats
small fish such as trout, also small crabs and gartropod mollusks
*541,1500*
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species sandpiper, spotted
Species Id M040134
Date 26 AUG 96
COMMENTS ON ADULT FOOD -
Eat primarily insects: grasshoppers, beetles,
mayflies, cutworms, locusts, caterpillars, grubs, and aquatic insects.
also fish fry *541,1500*
Food Habits - 2 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species sandpiper, spotted
Species Id M040134
Date 26 AUG 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Coastal Features: Sand beaches
G Coastal Features: Mudflats
G Inland Wetlands: Inland shallow fresh marshes
G Inland Wetlands: Inland open fresh water
G Coastal Wetlands: Coastal shallow fresh marsh
G Coastal Wetlands: Coastal open fresh water
G Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Grassland/water
G Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Coniferous trees/deciduous trees
G Vegetations Successional Stage: Abandoned fields
G Vegetations Successional Stage: Sand dune
G Vegetations Successional Stage: Climax grassland
FJ Inland Wetlands: Seasonally flooded lands with emergent vegetation
FJ Pastures: Specified in Comments
FJ Meadows: Specified in Comments
RJ Pastures: Specified in Comments
RJ Meadows: Specified in Comments
FA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Specified in Comments
FA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Grassland/old field
FA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Crop field/grassland
FA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
FA Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
FA Vegetations Successional Stage: Stable prairie/grassland
BA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Specified in Comments
BA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Grassland/old field
BA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Crop field/grassland
BA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
BA Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
BA Vegetations Successional Stage: Stable prairie/grassland
RA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Grassland/old field
RA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Crop field/grassland
RA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
RA Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
RA Vegetations Successional Stage: Stable prairie/grassland
REFERENCES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 541, 1082 and 1500
REFERENCES FOR FEEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 6158, 4472, 4470, 541 and 1500
REFERENCES FOR RESTING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 6158, 541, 4472 and 4470
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species sandpiper, spotted
Species Id M040134
Date 26 AUG 96
REFERENCES FOR FEEDING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 676
REFERENCES FOR RESTING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 676
COMMENTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS -
Species is found in a wide variety of habitats; seems to
require only open terrain within reach of pools, ponds, lakes, rivers,
or impoundments; where it forages for food; commonly winters along the
seashores, where it forages both on beaches and along the muddy edges of
creeks and inlets *541*
COMMENTS ON FEEDING ADULT ENVIRONTAL ASSOC_ -
feeds along beaches, muddy borders of marshes
and inlets, margins of sandy ponds, streams, rushing mountains streams
*541,1500*
COMMENTS ON BREEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Breeds in fields of grass, grain, or stubble
within easy reach of water *541,1500*
COMMENTS ON RESTING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Young rest in pastures adjacent to waterways
*676*; young rest in meadows adjacent to waterways *676*
COMMENTS ON FEEDING JUVENILE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ -
Young feed in hilly pastures *676*; feed
in wet meadows *676*; feed along exposed lakes, ponds or stream
borders *676*
Environment Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species sandpiper, spotted
Species Id M040134
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFE HISTORY
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Breeding adults of both sexes have a
gray-brown crown streaked with dusky, white stripe above; while lower
eye lid and side of face are streaked brown; shin, throat and underparts
are white with black spots; underparts are gray-brown with black marks
as tranverse bars, arrowheads, or lines; tail is bronzy gray with
feathers tipped with white; flight feathers are brownish with inner
primaries having increasing amounts of white on the inner webs and
secondaries are white at tips and at base; iris is brown and the bill is
black at the tip and yellow at the base; legs are pale gray-olive; in
winter adults are plain gray above with a metallic gloss and dark
barring on wing coverts; underparts are white with brown-gray cast
across the chest; females usually are slightly larger with more spotting
*541*; REPRODUCTION: usually monogamous but some polyandry takes place;
males become attached to nests while female defends areas with a number
of nests; female is dominant and will display by flying up and gliding
down to land, spreads tail and raises head with wings drooped calling
throughout the display; the nest is built in grass, rocks or under logs
some distance from water usually in colonies; nest prospecting done by
pair sometimes the same day the pair bond is formed; the nest is built
with grasses and weeds; first egg may be laid as early as 3 days after
male arrives; replacement clutches are initiated about 5 days after
predation or desertion with eggs laid daily; clutch size is usually 4,
buff colored eggs spotted with brown and are 32x23 mm in size; females
aggressiveness and sexual activity increases after laying of 3rd egg;
incubation ranges from 20-24 days with the male generally brooding the
young; fleding takes place 17-18 days after hatching *541,1082,1500*;
BEHAVIOR: species is easily recognized by its 'teetering' behavior and
also its distinctive mode of flight; wingstrokes are down curved with
frequent vibration; feeding is done using rapid pecking movements as
well as a slow approach followed by a quick forward thrust of the head;
swimming and diving abilities are highly developed; migrates at night
returning north in April through June *541*; ORIGIN: native *541,1082*
REFERENCES FOR LIFE HISTORY- 541, 1082 and 1500
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species sandpiper, spotted
Species Id M040134
Date 26 AUG 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Maintaining early stages of ecological succession
Beneficial Stream bank protection - gabion matting or riprap
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Beneficial Maintaining wilderness environment
Beneficial Creating impoundments
Beneficial Maintaining/protecting riparian habitats
Beneficial Maintaining unique or special habitat features [wetlands, caves,
Beneficial Developing/maintaining water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Developing/maintaining mudflats
Beneficial Controlling sedimentation
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Applying pesticides
Beneficial Applying insecticides
Adverse Applying pesticides
Adverse Applying insecticides
Adverse Clean farming
Adverse Channelization
Adverse Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Adverse Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Adverse Construction of navigational improvements [dams, locks, etc.]
Adverse Dredging
REFERENCES FOR BENEFICIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 4685, 4684, 4469, 4470, 528 and 676
REFERENCES FOR ADVERSE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 4469, 4470, 528 and 676
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species sandpiper, spotted
Species Id M040134
Date 26 AUG 96
References
528* Imhof, T.A. 1976. Alabama Birds, 2nd Ed.. Univ. Alabama
Press:445.
541* Johnsgard, P.A. 1981. The Plovers, Sandpipers, and Snipes
of the World. Univ. Nebrasks Press Lincoln:493.
676* Todd, W.E.C. 1940. Birds of Western Pennsylvania. Univ.
Pittsburgh Press Pittsburgh, Penn:710.
700* Ornithology, Virginia Society of. 1979. Virginia's
Birdlife: An Annotated Check-list. Virginia Avifauna No. 2.
Virginia Society of Ornithology Lynchburg, Va:118.
758* (ed.)1982. Fish and wildlife. 50 CFR 10 (Code of Federal
Regulations). General Serv. Admin. Washington, D.C:7.
1082* Soothill, E., Soothill, R. 1982. Wading Birds of the
World. Blandford Press Puole and Dorset, England:232-233.
1500* Terres, J.K. 1982. AUDUBON SOCIETY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH
AMERICAN BIRDS. Alfred A. Knopf N.Y.
4469* Fredrickson, L.H.. Personal communication..
4470* Smith, J.. Personal communication..
4472* Stout, G.D. 1967. The Shorebirds of North America. The
Viking Press NY,NY:270.
4684* Rundle, W.D. 1980. Managment, habitat selection, and
feeding of migrant rails and shorebirds.:228.
4685* Rundle, W.D., Fredrickson, L.H. 1981. Managing seasonally
flooded impoundments for migrant rails and shorebirds. Wildlife
Society Bulletin 9(2):80-87.
4948* Bergtold, W.H. 1926. Passerine birds eating trout fry. Auk
43.
5729* Jewell, H.W. 1909. Feeding habits of the sandpiper. J. ME
Ornithol. Soc. 11.
5731* Job, H.K. 1911. The spotted sandpiper. Bird Lore
13:221-224.
6158* Tyler, W.M. 1929..
6446* Forbush, E.H. 1925. Birds of MA & Other New England
States..
References - 1