(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species mink, common
Species Id M050042
Date 26 AUG 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - mink, common
OTHER COMMON NAMES -
ELEMENT CODE - 05/17/84
AOU CODE - 03/05/87
CATEGORY - Mammals
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - Chordata,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - Mammalia,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - Carnivora,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - Mustelidae, Mustelinae
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - Mustela, Lutreola
SPECIES AND SSP - vison, mink
SCIENTIFIC NAME - Mustela vison mink
AUTHORITY - Peale and Palisot de Beauvois 1796
TAXONOMY REFERENCES - 45, 134, 12 and 152
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Three subspecies occur in MO Mustela vison letifera (Hollister), Mustela vison
mink (Peale and Palisot de Beauvois), and Mustela vison vulgivava (Bangs).
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species mink, common
Species Id M050042
Date 26 AUG 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Furbearer
Sensitive
Commercial
See Comments
REFERENCES FOR STATUS - 57, 133, 196, 6917 and 4451
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
Very sensitive to Hg, PCBs, DDT, DDE, dieldrin, others; 1
ppm Hg (in aquatic environments) may be fatal in 2 months, 0.64 ppm PCBs
in food causes total reproductive failure, 3.57 ppm in food lethal to
adults, 2.5 ppm dieldrin in diet toxic to adults *57*
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Distribution
Species mink, common
Species Id M050042
Date 26 AUG 96
DISTRIBUTION
References on County Occurrence - 001, 003, 005, 007, 009, 011, 013, 015, 017, 019, 021, 023, 025, 027, 029, 031, 033, 035, 036, 037, 041, 043, 045, 047, 049, 051, 053, 057, 059, 061, 063, 065, 067, 069, 071, 073, 075, 077, 079, 081, 083, 085, 087, 089, 091, 093, 095, 097, 099, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 125, 127, 131, 133, 135, 137, 141, 143, 145, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191, 193, 195, 197, 800 and 810
References on Seasonal Occurrence - Few cities are included above beacause map delineating
distribution of specimens did not contain cities *152*
References on County Abundance - 001, 003, 005, 007, 009, 011, 013, 015, 017, 019, 021, 023, 025, 027, 029, 031, 033, 035, 036, 037, 041, 043, 045, 047, 049, 051, 053, 057, 059, 061, 063, 065, 067, 069, 071, 073, 075, 077, 079, 081, 083, 085, 087, 089, 091, 093, 095, 097, 099, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 125, 127, 131, 133, 135, 137, 141, 143, 145, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191, 193, 195, 197, 800 and 810
REFERENCES FOR HYDROLOGIC UNIT CODES - 001, 003, 005, 007, 009, 011, 013, 015, 017, 019, 021, 023, 025, 027, 029, 031, 033, 035, 036, 037, 041, 043, 045, 047, 049, 051, 053, 057, 059, 061, 063, 065, 067, 069, 071, 073, 075, 077, 079, 081, 083, 085, 087, 089, 091, 093, 095, 097, 099, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 125, 127, 131, 133, 135, 137, 141, 143, 145, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191, 193, 195, 197, 800 and 810
REFERENCES FOR OTHER DISTRIBUTION - E
Distribution - 1 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - Terrestrial
REFERENCES FOR HABITAT - 54, 152, 57, 133 and 196
U_S. FOREST SERVICE FOREST SIZE CLASS
Unstocked
Seedling/Sapling
Pole
Mature
Over Mature
REFERENCES FOR FSIZE - 6917 and 90
REFERENCES FOR SAF TYPE - 6917 and 57
LAND USE -
Residential
Commercial and Services
Industrial
Transportation, communications, and Util
Industrial and Commercial Complexes
Mixed Urban or Built-up Land
Agricultural Land
Cropland and Pasture
Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries,
Other Agricultural Land
Rangeland
Herbaceous Rangeland
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Mixed Rangeland
Barren Land
Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits
Transitional Areas
Mixed Barren Land
Urban or Built-up Land
Other Urban or Built-up Land
Forest Land
Deciduous Forest Land
Evergreen Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land
Water
Streams and Canals
Lakes
Reservoirs
Bays and Estuaries
Wetland
Forested Wetland
Nonforested Wetland
REFERENCES FOR LAND USE - 6917, 152, 57, 133 and 196
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, lower perennial
Riverine, upper perennial
Habitat Associations - 1
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, intermittent
Palustrine
Lacustrine, littoral
Marine, intertidal
Estuarine, intertidal
Riverine, tidal
Lacustrine, limnetic
REFERENCES FOR NWI - 6917, 6037, 90, 244, 250, 54, 152, 57, 133 and 196
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
More aquatic than most mustelids except otters *196*
ANIMAL/PLANT SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS -
Trematodes: Alaria mustelae
Baschkirouitrema incrassatum
Distoma sp
Enhydridiplostomum alarioides
Euryhelmis squamala
Metagonimoides oregonensis
Paragonimus rudis
Procyotrema marsupiformis
Sellacotyle mustelae
Cestodes: 'Pseudophyllidea'
Taenia mustelae
Nematodes: Capillaria mustelonsm
Dinctophyma renale
Epomidistomum sp.
Filaroides martis
Heterakis isolonche
Molineus patens
Seurocyrnea sp.
Acanthocephalans: Centrorhynchus conspectus
Macracanthorhynchus igens *57*
REFERENCES FOR SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS - 57
HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS -
V1=percent tree, shrub and/or persistent emergent herbaceous
vegetation canopy closure; minimum 0%, maximum 100%, optimum 75 to 100%;
V2=percent of year with surface water present; minimum 25%, maximum
100%, optimum 75 to 100%; V3=percent of wetland basin dominated by
persistent emergent herbaceous vegetation; minimum 0%, maximum 100%,
optimum 50 to 75%; V4=percent tree and/or shrub canopy closure within
100 m (328 ft) of water's or wetland's edge; minimum 0%, maximum 100%,
optimum 75 to 100%; V5=shoreline development factor; minimum 1.0
development index, maximum 3.0 development index, optimum 3.0
development index *1596*
COMMENTS ON HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS -
This model has been developed for application within inland
wetland habitats throughout the range of the species; and to evaluate
the potential quality of year-round habitat for species; potential
habitat must contain a relatively permanent source of surface water;
optimum habitat must also contain suitable upland habitats for denning
and foraging adjacent to the water body or wetland; application of this
model is based on an evaluation of the quality of the wetland,
lacustrine, or riverine cover type and a 100 m (328 ft) band of habitat
surrounding the aquatic portion the habitat *1596*; V5=shoreline
Habitat Associations - 2 development factor (a ratio relating the relative edge of a water body
to its area) *1596*
REFERENCES FOR HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS - 1596
POTENTIAL NATURAL VEGETATION -
065 Northern Cordgrass Prairie (Distichlis-Spartina)
094 Mixed Mesophytic Forest (Acer-Aesculus-Fagus-Lirioden
095 Appalachian Oak Forest (Quercus)
097 Northern Hardwoods (Acer-Betula-Fagus-Tsuga)
101 Oak - Hickory - Pine Forest (Quercus-Carya-Pinus)
103 Southern Floodplain Forest (Quercus-Nyssa-Taxodium)
REFERENCES FOR PNV - 124, 131, 132, 243, 244, 250, 134 and 152
ECOREGION -
Mixed mesophytic Forest: Low Mountains
Appalachian Oak forest: Plains with High Hills
Appalachian Oak Forest: Plains with Low Mountains
Appalachian Oak Forest: Open Hills
Appalachian Oak Forest: Open Low Mountains
Appalachian Oak Forest: Irregular Plains
Appalachian Oak Forest: Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Plains with High Hills
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Plains with Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Open Low Mountains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Flat Plains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Irregular Plains
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Irregular Plains, slight rel
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Open Hills
Southeastern Mixed Forest: Plains with Hills
REFERENCES FOR ECOREGION - 134 AND 152
Habitat Associations - 3 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species mink, common
Species Id M050042
Date 26 AUG 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
Carnivore
REFERENCES FOR TROPHIC LEVEL - 90, 131, 54, 12, 57, 133, 196 and 156
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Animals Egg/Fetus stage
General Animals Juvenile stage
General Animals Adult stage
General Malacostraca Adult stage
General Osteichthyes Adult stage
General Anguilliformes Adult stage
General Salmoniformes Adult stage
General Siluriformes Adult stage
General Perciformes Adult stage
General Amphibia Adult stage
General Caudata Adult stage
General Salientia Adult stage
General Reptilia Adult stage
General Serpentes Adult stage
General Mammalia Adult stage
General Leporidae Adult stage
General Sciuridae Adult stage
General Cricetidae Adult stage
General Aves Egg/Fetus stage
General Aves Juvenile stage
General Aves Adult stage
General Carrion Not Specified
General See Comments; Food See Comments
Important Osteichthyes Adult stage
Important Salientia Adult stage
Important Cricetidae Adult stage
Important See Comments; Food See Comments
Adult Animals Egg/Fetus stage
Adult Animals Juvenile stage
Adult Animals Adult stage
Adult Malacostraca Adult stage
Adult Osteichthyes Adult stage
Adult Anguilliformes Adult stage
Adult Salmoniformes Adult stage
Adult Siluriformes Adult stage
Adult Perciformes Adult stage
Adult Amphibia Adult stage
Adult Caudata Adult stage
Adult Salientia Adult stage
Adult Reptilia Adult stage
Adult Serpentes Adult stage
Adult Mammalia Adult stage
Adult Leporidae Adult stage
Adult Sciuridae Adult stage
Adult Cricetidae Adult stage
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species mink, common
Species Id M050042
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
Adult Aves Egg/Fetus stage
Adult Aves Juvenile stage
Adult Aves Adult stage
Adult Carrion Not Specified
Adult See Comments; Food See Comments
Adult Orthoptera Not Specified
Adult Coleoptera Not Specified
Adult Coleoptera Larva stage
Adult Osteichthyes Not Specified
Adult Salientia Not Specified
Adult Sciuridae Not Specified
Adult Reptilia Not Specified
Adult Testudines Not Specified
Adult Testudines Egg/Fetus stage
Adult Serpentes Not Specified
Adult Soricidae Not Specified
Adult Talpidae Not Specified
Adult Chiroptera Not Specified
Adult Leporidae Not Specified
Adult Cricetidae Not Specified
Adult Aves Not Specified
Adult Snails Not Specified
Adult Arachnids Not Specified
Adult Malacostraca Not Specified
REFERENCES FOR GENERAL FOOD - 57, 133 and 196
REFERENCES FOR IMPORTANT FOOD - 57 and 196
REFERENCES FOR ADULT FOOD - 6037, 5311, 5510, 5518, 5408, 5007, 57, 133 and 196
COMMENTS ON FOOD -
9999S=vertebrates and invertebrates, in general any animal
material they can find and kill *57,196*; catch mostly vulnerable
'surplus' muskrats lacking secure home area--where muskrats are not
crowded, minks catch few *196*; adapted to aquatic and terrestrial
hunting, diet extremely variable by season, location *57*
COMMENTS ON ADULT FOOD -
9999S=vertebrates and invertebrates, in general any animal
material they can find and kill *57,196*; catch mostly vulnerable
'surplus' muskrats lacking secure home area--where muskrats are not
crowded, minks catch few *196*; adapted to aquatic and terrestrial
hunting, diet extremely variable by season, location *57*
Food Habits - 2 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species mink, common
Species Id M050042
Date 26 AUG 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Terrestrial Features: Burrows
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Aquatic Features: Silt bottom streams
G Aquatic Features: Detritus bottom streams
G Aquatic Features: Stream weed beds
G Aquatic Features: Lake weed beds
G Aquatic Features: Backwaters
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
G Aquatic Features: Springs [pool]
G Inland Wetlands: Seasonally flooded lands with emergent vegetation
G Inland Wetlands: Inland shallow fresh marshes
G Inland Wetlands: Inland deep fresh marshes
G Inland Wetlands: Inland open fresh water
G Inland Wetlands: Shrub swamps
G Inland Wetlands: Wooded swamps
G Inland Wetlands: Inland saline marshes
G Coastal Wetlands: Coastal shallow fresh marsh
G Coastal Wetlands: Coastal deep fresh marshes
G Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
G Herbs: Other species [list in comments]
G Other species [list in comments]
G Hardwood Forest: Other species [list in comments]
G Percent Shrub Ground Cover: Specified in Comments
G Percent Herbaceous Ground Cover: Specified in Comments
G Human Association: Farm ponds
G Human Association: Public city parks
G Human Association: State and county parks
G Human Association: National parks/historic landmarks
G Human Association: Wildlife refuges/sanctuaries
G Terrestrial Features: Downed logs
G Terrestrial Features: Specified in Comments
G Percent Herbaceous Ground Cover: Specified in Comments
BA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
BA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Crop field/water
BA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Grassland/water
FA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
FA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Crop field/water
FA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Grassland/water
RA Inland Wetlands: Bogs
RA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Woodland/water
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species mink, common
Species Id M050042
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
RA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Crop field/water
RA Aquatic/Terrestrial Ecotones: Grassland/water
REFERENCES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 134, 152, 57, 133, 196 and 1596
REFERENCES FOR FEEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 5510, 5265, 5311, 6037 and 6917
REFERENCES FOR RESTING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 5351, 5265, 5510, 5311, 6037 and 6917
REFERENCES FOR BREEDING ADULT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOC_ - 5510, 5265, 5311, 6037 and 6917
COMMENTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS -
00630R=cattail; 00650O=cypress; 00660Y=tupelo, hardwoods
*57*; 00790S,00830S=thickets *152*; 00410S=species most common along
streams where there is abundance of downfall or debris for cover; log
jams provide excellent foraging cover *1596*; 00830S=persistent
herbaceous cover may also provide mink with sufficient cover for
foraging and shelter *1596*
Environment Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species mink, common
Species Id M050042
Date 26 AUG 96
LIFE HISTORY
ORIGIN: native *90*; DESCRIPTION: body long, slender, legs
short, ears small, tail bushy, long (1/3 to 1/2 total length), fur dark,
glossy brown, white spots on chin, throat, chest, abdomen, anal region;
adult male 0.9-1.6 kg, 580-700 mm total length, 190-230 mm tail, 68-80
mm hind foot--VA specimen was 506 mm, 189 mm, 56 mm respectively; adult
female 0.7-1.1 kg, 460-575 mm total length, 150-190 mm tail; 60-70 mm
hind foot--VA specimen was 592 mm, 201 mm, 69 mm respectively
*152,57,133*; REPRODUCTION: mating season late Feb.-early April, varies
with subspecies, induced ovulation, gestation varies 40-75 days, delayed
implantation but less time when mated late; litter size 1-8, average 4;
weight average 8-10 g, born late April-May; sexual maturity 10 months;
fecund 7 or more years *57,133*; BEHAVIOR: solitary, unsociable, male
and female associate on brief periods in mating season; young: eyes open
3-5 weeks, begin solid food, both parents bring meat to young; live near
water, home ranges adult male average 2630 m stream length (1800-5000 m
); juvenile male average 1230 m (1050-1400 m); adult female 1850 m
(1000-2800 m); females use more of range more intensely; use temporary
housing, males may cover several sq. miles/year; females less;
occasionally climb trees; thorough hunter, cache food, tunnel under snow
in winter; release strong, fetid liquid from scent glands if injured,
irritated, excited *57,133*; POPULATION PARAMETERS: age, sex ratio data
limited; dry, warm weather in whelping season increases kit survival
*57*; AQUATIC/TERRESTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS: occasionally preyed upon by owl,
bobcat, wolf, fox, river otter, fisher, other mink; but no significant
mortality from predators except humans; may use old beaver lodges,
muskrat burrows for dens *57,133*
REFERENCES FOR LIFE HISTORY- 90, 54, 134, 152, 57 and 133
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species mink, common
Species Id M050042
Date 26 AUG 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Regulating harvest of species being described
Beneficial Maintaining unique or special habitat features [wetlands, caves,
Beneficial Providing food and cover for small mammals
Beneficial Developing/maintaining water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Beneficial Developing/maintaining brush or slash piles
Beneficial Establishing/maintaining nesting and escape cover
Beneficial Developing/maintaining ditchbank vegetation
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Beneficial Maintaining/protecting riparian habitats
Beneficial Developing/maintaining brackish marsh
Beneficial Developing/maintaining saline marsh
Beneficial Developing/maintaining freshwater marsh
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Controlling sedimentation
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Segregating and treating toxic materials
Beneficial Other management practices [specified in comments]
Adverse Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Adverse Channelization
Adverse Applying herbicides
Adverse Applying pesticides
Adverse Applying insecticides
Adverse Other management practices [specified in comments]
REFERENCES FOR BENEFICIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 57, 133, 196 and 129
REFERENCES FOR ADVERSE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 57, 133, 196 and 129
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Very sensitive to Hg, PCBs, DDT, DDE, dieldrin, others; 1
ppm Hg (in aquatic environments) may be fatal in 2 months, 0.64 ppm PCBs
in food causes total reproductive failure, 3.57 ppm in food lethal to
adults, 2.5 ppm dieldrin in diet toxic to adults *57*
999(A)=Industrial pollution, intensive recreational
development, man caused fluctuation in water levels during breeding
*90,243,250,45*; deposition of sand, gravel from channelization
decreases riverine food sources for mink *129*; 999(B)=maintenance of
aquatic systems most important; need continuous monitoring of PCBs,
pesticides, heavy metals in contaminated areas *57*
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species mink, common
Species Id M050042
Date 26 AUG 96
References
12* Anderson, S., Jones,, Jr. J.K. (ed.)1967. Recent Mammals of
the World, a Symposia of Families. Ronald Press Co. New York,
New York:453.
45* Burt, W.H. 1969. Mammals of the Great Lakes Region. Univ. of
Michigan Press Ann Arbor, Mich:246.
54* Caras, R.A. 1967. North American Mammals. Meredith Press New
York, New York:578.
57* Chapman, J.A., Feldhamer, G.A. (ed.)1982. Wild Mammals of
North America. Biology, Management, and Economics. Johns Hopkins
Univ. Press Baltimore, Md:1147.
90* Doutt, J.K., Heppenstall, C.A., Guilday, J.E. 1977. Mammals
of Pennsylvania. Penn. Game Comm. Harrisburg, Penn:282.
124* Gifford, C.L., Whitebread, R. 1951. Mammal survey of
southcentral Pennsylvania. Pittman-Robertson Project 38-R. Penn.
Game Comm. Harrisburg, Penn:75.
129* Gray, M.H., Arner, D.H. 1977. The effects of channelization
on furbearers and furbearer habitat. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast.
Assoc. Game and Fish Comm. 31:259-265.
131* Grimm, W.C., Roberts, H.A. 1950. Mammal survey of
southwestern Pennsylvania. Pittman-Robertson Project 24-R. Penn.
Game Comm. Harrisburg, Penn:99.
132* Grimm, W.C., Whitebread, R. 1952. Mammal survey of
northeastern Pennsylvania. Pittman-Robertson Project 42-R. Penn.
Game Comm. Harrisburg, Penn:82.
133* Haley, D. 1975. Sleek and Savage, North America's Weasel
Family. Pacific Search Books Seattle, Washington:128.
134* Hall, E.R. 1981. The Mammals of North America. 1,2. John
Wiley and Sons New York, New York:1271.
152* Handley, C.O., Jr., Patton, C.P. 1947. Wild Mammals of
Virginia. Virginia Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries
Richmond:220.
156* Harestad, A.S., Bunnell, F.L. 1979. Home range and body
weight-a reevaluation. Ecology 60:389-402.
196* Leopold, A.S., Gutierres, R.J., Bronson, M.T. 1981. North
American Game Birds and Mammals. Charles Scribners Sons New
York, New York:198.
243* Richmond, N.D., Roslund, H.R. 1949. Mammal survey of
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species mink, common
Species Id M050042
Date 26 AUG 96
northwestern Pennsylvania. Pittman-Robertson Project (20-R).
Penn. Game Comm. Harrisburg, Penn:67.
244* Roberts, H.A., Early, R.C. 1952. Mammals survey of
southeastern Pennsylvania. Pittman-Robertson Project (43-R).
Penn. Game Comm. Harrisburg, Penn:70.
250* Roslund, H.R. 1951. Mammal survey of northcentral
Pennsylvania. Pittman-Robertson Project (37-R). Penn. Game Comm.
Harrisburg, Penn:55.
1596* Allen, A.W. 1983. Habitat suitability index models: Mink.
FWS/OBS-82/10.61. U.S. Dep. Inter., Fish Wildl. Serv.
Washington, D.C:19.
4451* (ed.)1983. Wildlife Code of MO. MO Dept. of
Conservation:112.
5007* Burgess, S.A., Bider, J.R. 1980. Effects of stream habitat
improvements on invertebrates, trout populations, and mink
activity. J. Wildl. Manage. 44(4):871-880.
5265* Jackson, H.H.T. 1961. Mammals of Wisconsin. Univ. of
Wisconsin Press.
5311* Korschgen, L.J. 1958. December food habits of mink in
Missouri. J. Mammal. 39(4):521-527.
5351* Marshall, W.H. 1963. A study of the winter activities of
the mink. J. Mammal. 17(4):382-392.
5408* Sealander, J.A. 1943. Winter food habits of mink in
southern Michigan. J. Wildl. Manage. 7(4):411-417.
5510* Wilson, K.A. 1954. The role of mink and otter as muskrat
predators in northeastern N.C. J. Wildl. Manage. 18(2):199-207.
5518* Yeager, L.E. 1943. Storing of muskrats and other foods by
mink. J. Mammal. 24(1):100-101.
6037* Schwartz, C.W., Schwartz, E.R. 1981. The Wild Mammals of
Mississippi (2nd Ed.). Univ. MO Press & MO Conserv. Dept.
Columbia, MO:356.
6917* Erickson, D.W.. UNPB., MO Dept. Conservation..
References - 2