and poplar areas). They, as so many other wildlife, can provide rich benefits but also high losses and management costs.
Management may include exclusion fencing (e.g., landscape plants and orchard trees).
Harassment may cause families of beaver to move from an area (destination problems?).
Dams being destroyed several times in rapid succession may cause families to relocate.
Live-trapping and re-location may be used (destinations sites are now limited).
They must be regularly limited to desired population numbers and areas by trapping. Their dams or the maximum height that the water may reach must be regulated by water level control devices built into the dams (or dams destroyed by dynamite). Many control devices have been developed. A resource book for solutions is available.
Trapping is regulated by state laws and rules and these need to be followed as well as influenced annually as part of the local management strategy. The laws protect the animal, distribute the harvest, help retain prices that maintain the services of select people for effective control of the animals and their effects. Management includes schools to improve trapping, care of animals, care and cleaning of pelts, and marketing. It also includes tours, blinds, night observations, educational trips, and camera work. In-place TV-cameras have enabled people to observe dam building and repairs.
Surveys
Management includes monitoring and inventorying the population as well as its use and effects (losses).To get an estimate of the total number of beavers in an area, aerial counts are made of the lodges and the number multiplied by 5.2, the average per colony. The regional trend is best done simply from standard regular flight lines and counts of signs of lodges and dams. Where beavers build dams or select sites that are suitable has been well quantified and predictive models have been developed.
Habitat suitability indices have been developed for the beaver.
The beaver is invaluable in waterfowl management and wet areas are excelent for many species of fauna. Breaking a dam, seeding the up-stream area, then allowing the beaver to plug the dam results in excellent feeding areas for waterfowl.
Behavior and population abundance have brought the beaver to pest status over much of its range. In addition to moving crops (corn, etc.) into dams and bank burrows, the beaver dams will flood areas of timber killing many species and making other areas inaccessible. Many techniques have been used to stop the beaver influence, reduce populations and reduce their impacts.
Intensive trapping for 2 consecutive years can control beaver damage to timber. Beavers may re-occupy the area but trapping assures periodic control of beaver damage. See Georgia Forest Research Paper # 23, Southern Beaver Control, Georgia Forestry Commission, Attn: Forest Research, P.O. Box 819, Macon GA 31289-4599
| The sketches of beaver pipes at the right are from Jeffrey Jackson Tree Farmer, May/June, 1997. They show easily made devices for making small dams ineffective. Many procedures have been advanced. The lower "tube" is about 12-16 feet long, made of rough lumber, open on one side with slats nailed across the open side about 3 inches apart. Put the up stream end under water. The upper sketch shows 3 poles covered by a sheet of old roofing tin. |
 |
Perhaps humorous, the following was said to be an actual letter to the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, State of Michigan and a reply:
Mr. Ryan De Vries
2088 Dagget
Pierson, MI 49339
Dear Mr. De Vries:
SUBJeCT: DeQ File No. 97-59-0023; T11N, R10W, Sec. 20; Montcalm County
It has come to the attention of the Department of Environmental Quality
that there has been recent unauthorized activity on the above-referenced
parcel of property.
You have been certified as the legal landowner and/or contractor who
did the following unauthorized activity: Construction and maintenance of
two wood debris dams across the outlet stream of Spring Pond. A permit
must be issued prior to the start of this type of activity. A review of
the Department's files shows that no permits have been issued.
Therefore, the Department has determined that this activity is in
violation of Part 301, Inland Lakes and Streams, of the Natural Resource
and environmental Protection Act, Act 451 of the Public Acts of 1994,
being sections 324.30101 to 324.30113 of the Michigan Compiled Laws,
annotated.
The Department has been informed that one or both of the dams
partially failed during a recent rain event, causing debris and flooding
at downstream locations. We find that dams of this nature are
inherently hazardous and cannot be permitted.
The Department therefore orders you to cease and desist all
unauthorized activities at this location, and to restore the stream to a
free-flow condition by removing all wood and brush forming the dams from
the stream channel. All restoration work shall be completed no later
than January 31, 1998.
Please notify this office when the restoration has been completed so
that a follow-up site inspection may be scheduled by our staff. Failure
to comply with this request or any further unauthorized activity on the
site may result in this case being referred for elevated enforcement
action.
We anticipate and would appreciate your full cooperation in this matter.
Please feel free to contact me at this office if you have any
questions.
Sincerely,
David L. Price,
District Representative,
Land and Water Management Division
Response
Dear Mr. Price:
Re: DeQ File No. 97-59-0023; T11N, R10W, Sec. 20; Montcalm County
Your certified letter dated 12/17/97 has been handed to me to respond
to. You sent out a great deal of carbon copies to a lot of people, but
you neglected to include their addresses. You will, therefore, have to
send them a copy of my response. First of all, Mr. Ryan De Vries is not
the legal landowner and/or contractor at 2088 Dagget, Pierson, Michigan
--
I am the legal owner and a couple of beavers are in the (State
unauthorized) process of constructing and maintaining two wood "debris"
dams across the outlet stream of my Spring Pond. While I did not pay
for, authorize, nor supervised their dam project, I think they would be
highly offended that you call their skillful use of natural building
materials "debris."
I would like to challenge your department to attempt to emulate their
dam project any time and/or any place you choose. I believe I can
safely state there is no way you could ever match their dam skills,
their dam resourcefulness, their dam ingenuity, their dam persistence,
their dam determination and/or their dam work ethic.
As to your request, I do not think the beavers are aware that they
first must fill out a dam permit prior to the start of this type of dam
activity.
My first dam question to you is: (1) are you trying to discriminate
against my Spring Pond Beavers or (2) do you require all beavers
throughout this State to conform to said dam request? If you are not
discriminating against these particular beavers, through the Freedom of
Information Act I request completed copies of all those other applicable
beaver dam permits that have been issued. Perhaps we will see if there
really is a dam violation of Part 301, Inland Lakes and Streams, of the
Natural Resource and environmental Protection Act, Act 451 of the
Public Acts of 1994, being sections 324.30101 to 324.30113 of the
Michigan Compiled Laws, annotated.
I have several concerns. My first concern is -- aren't the beavers
entitled to legal representation? The Spring Pond Beavers are
financially destitute and are unable to pay for said representation - so
the State will have to provide them with a dam lawyer. The Department's
dam concern that either one or both of the dams failed during a recent
rain event causing flooding is proof that this is a natural occurrence
which the department is required to protect. In other words, we should
leave the Spring Pond Beavers alone rather than harassing them and
calling their dam names.
If you want the stream "restored" to a dam free-flow condition --
please contact the beavers -- but if you are going to arrest them (they
obviously did not pay any attention to your dam letter -- being unable
to read english) -- be sure they are read the Miranda rights first. As
for me, I am not going to cause more flooding or dam debris jams by
interfering with these dam builders. If you want to hurt these dam
beavers -- be aware I am sending a copy of your dam letter and this
response to PeTA. If your dam department seriously finds all dams of
this nature inherently hazardous and truly will not permit their
existence in this State -- I seriously hope you are not selectively
enforcing this dam policy -- or once again both I and the Spring Pond
Beavers will scream prejudice!
In my humble opinion, the Spring Pond Beavers have a right to build
their unauthorized dams as long as the sky is blue, the grass is green
and water flows downstream. They have more dam right than I do to live
and enjoy Spring Pond. If the Department of Natural Resources and
environmental Protection lives up to its name, it should protect the
natural resources (Beavers) and the environment (Beavers' Dams).
So, as far as the beavers and I are concerned, this dam case can be
referred for more elevated enforcement action right now. Why wait
until 1/31/98? The Spring Pond Beavers may be under the dam ice then
and there will be no way for you or your dam staff to contact/harass
them then.
In conclusion, I would like to bring to your attention a real
environmental quality (health) problem in the area. It is the bears.
Bears are actually defecating in our woods. I definitely believe you
should be persecuting the defecating bears and leave the beavers alone.
If you are going to investigate the beaver dam, watch your step! (The
bears are not careful where they dump!)
Being unable to comply with your dam request, and being unable to
contact you on your dam answering machine, I am sending this response to
your dam office via another government organization -- the dam USPS.
Maybe, someday, it will get there.
Sincerely,
Stephen L. Tvedten
Submitted by Mark Jones- 2-25-2000
Literature cited section from Faye Cotton's MS Thesis
Cotton, F. E. 1990. Potential beaver colony density in parts of Quebec. Unpub. M. S. Thesis, Va. Poly. Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 330 pp.
with additions
Literature Cited
Allen, A. W. 1983. Habitat suitability index models: Beaver. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-82/10.30 Revised. 20 pp.
Banville, D. and R. Courcelles. 1980. Transplantation de castors dans la région d'eastmain, Baie-James. [Beaver transplant in the eastmain region of James Bay] Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche. Direction Générale de la Faune R.R.F. 55. 33 pp.
_____. 1978. Étude de la qualité de l'habitat à castor au sud de la rivière eastmain - juillet 1977. [Study of beaver habitat quality south of the eastmain river - July 1977] Ministère du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Direction Recherche Fanunique, Québec. 29 pp.
_____. 1977a. Inventaire a érien des colonies de castor au sud de la rivière eastmain - octobre 1977, Québec. [Aerial survey of beaver colonies south of the eastmain river - October 1977, Québec] Ministère du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Direction Recherche Faunique, R.R.F. 20. 39 pp.
_____. 1977b. Inventaire aérien des colonies de castors au site du futur réservoir LG-2 [Aerial survey of beaver colonies at the site of the future LG-2 reservoir] Ministère du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Direction Recherche Faunique, Québec. 14 pp.
_____, and N. Traversy. 1977. Classement du potentiel pour l'habitat à castor de la Baie James (3ieme approximation). [Classification of potential for James Bay beaver habitat (third apporximation)] Ministère du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Direction Rechercne Faunique, Québec. 21 pp.
Barbour, M. G., J. H. Burk, and W. D. Pitts. 1980. Terrestrial plant ecology. The Benjamin/Cummings Publ. Co. Inc., Menlo Park, CA. 604 pp.
Beier, P. and R. H. Barrett. 1987. Beaver habitat use and impact in Truckee River Basin, California. J. Wildl. Manage. 51(4):794-799.
Belisle, J. M. 1982. Inventaire aérien du castor dans la réserve faunique de l'lle d'Anticosti du 25 octobre au 30 octobre 1982. [Aerial survey of beaver at Anticosti Island Wildlife Reserve from Oct. 25 to Oct. 30, 1982] Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Serve, de l'aménagement et de l'exploitation de la faune, rég. Côte-Nord, Sept-lles. 9 pp.
Bergeron, R., J. M. Levasseur, and J. M. Mondoux. 1979. Wildlife interpretation keys for the James Bay Territory ecological classification. Pages 145-152 in C. D. A. Rubec, ed. Applications of ecological (Biophysical) land classification in Canada: Proc. of the second meeting. Can. Comm. on ecol. Land Classification, environ. Can., Lands Directorate, ecol. Land Classification Ser. No. 7, Ottawa.
Berry, K. H. 1986. Introduction: Development, testing, and application of wildlife-habitat models in J. Verner, M. L. Morrison and C. J. Ralph, eds. Wildlife 2000: modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisonsin.
Bider, J. R. 1978. Valuation des densités de population de castor et description des habitats favorables dans le secteur de la Grande rivière de la Baleine. [Beaver population density evaluation and description of favorable habitat in the Great Whale River sector] 24 pp.
Bovet, J. 1974. Tendances démographiques des populations de castors dans la r&#eacute;gion de la Baie James entre 1961 et 1972. [Demographic tendencies of beaver populations in the James Bay region between 1961 and 1972] Université Laval, Québec. 135 pp.
Breton, L. and M. Macquart. 1984. Rapport d'étape dans le cadre du projet de réduction expérimentale du loup dans la réserve de Papineau-Labelle. Minstère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Direction Générale de la Faune, Québec. 12 pp.
Brunelle, J. and J. R. Bider. 1987. Étude de la population de castors (Castor canadensis) de la r&#eacute;serve faunique des Laurentides, Québec [Beaver (Castor canadensis) population study in the Laurentide Wildlife Reserve, Québec] MacDonald Coll., McGill University, Dep. of Renewable Resour., Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec Rapport final presénté au Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche. Direction Générale de la Faune, Québec. 70 pp.
Collins, T. C. 1976. Population characteristics and habitat relationships of beaver, Castor canadensis, in northwest Wyoming. Ph.D. Diss., Univ. Wyoming, Laramie. 188 pp.
Couillard, M. 1982. Le castor. [The beaver] Pages 3.1-3.43 in Environnment Illimité Inc. élaboration et validation des clés d'interprétation des cartes écologiques. Report presented to Société d énergie de la Baie James, Hydro-Québec, and Serv. des Inventaires Ecologiques, Société de Dév. de la Baie James, Montreal.
Courcelles, R. and R. Nault. 1984a. Comportement du castor durant la mise en eau du reservoir de La Grande 4. [Beavor behavior during the filling of the La Grande 4 reservoir] Sociétté d'énergie de la Baie James, Hydro-Québec and Société des Travaux de Correction du Complexe la Grande (SOTRAC), Montreal. 17 pp.
____, and _____. 1984b. Comportement du castor durant la mise en eau des resérvoirs hydroélectriques de La Grande 2 et Opinaca. [Beaver behavior during the filling of the La Grande 2 and Opinaca hydrorelectric reservoirs] Société d'énergie de la Baie James, Hydro-Québec, and Société des Travaux de Correction du Complexe la Grande (SOTRAC), Montreal. 88 pp.
Couture, R. and M. Babin. 1988. Utilisation de la télédéction dans l'inventaire des habitats fauniques: étude de cas chez la Béasse d'Amérique. [Use of remote sending in wildlife habitat inventory: case study using the woodcock] p. 199 in G. Alain, ed. Compte rendu du Trois&#egrave;me atelier sur la petite faune tenu à Trois-Rivières du 7 au 10 decembre 1987. [Proceedings of the third annual workshop on small game held at Trois-Riviéres, 7-10 december, 1987]. Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Direction Générale des Espèces et des Habitats, Québec. 223 pp. (unpublished report)
Demarchi, D. A. 1988. A regional wildlife ecosystems classification for British Columbia. Pages 11-19 in H. A. Stelfox and G. R. Ironside, eds. Land/wildlife integration No. 3: Proc. of a technical workshop to discuss the incorporation of wildlife information into ecological land surveys. Environ. Can., Can. Wildl. Serv., Lands Conserv. Branch, Ecol. Land Classification Serv. no. 22., Ottawa.
Doucet, G. J. 1987. Réflexions préliminares concernant l'évaluation et la classification de l'habitat du poisson. [Preliminary reflections on fish habitat evaluation and classification] Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Serv. des habitats fauniques, Québec. 76 pp.
Drolet, C. A. 1965. Contribution à létude du castor (Castor canadensis Kuhl) à la Baie James. [Contribution to the study of beaver in James Bay] M.S. Thesis. Université Laval, Québec. 136 pp.
Ducruc, J. P. and D. Bérubé. 1980. Le système écologique, unité de base de la cartographie écologique: L'inventaire du capital-nature du territoire de la Baie James. [The ecological system, basic unit of ecological mapping: The inventory of the James Bay territory nature-capital] Fish. and Oceans, Environ. Can., Ecol. Land Classification Ser. no. 8. 64 pp.
Eng, M. and H. A. Stelfox. 1988. A prototype assessment of wildlife resource status of the Rocky Mountain House (83B) NTS map sheet using an ecological land classification approach. Pages 49-57 in H. A. Stelfox and G. R. Ironside, eds. Land/wildlife integration No. 3: Proc. of a technical workshop to discuss the incorporation of wildlife information into ecological land surveys. Environ. Can., Can. Wildl. Serv., Lands Cons. Branch, Ecol. Land Classification Ser. no 22, Ottawa.
Environnment Illimite Inc. 1982. Elaboration et validation des clées d'interprétation des cartes écologiques - synthêse. [Elaboration and validation of ecological map interpretation keys - synthesis] Volume 1. Presented to the joint group: James Bay Energy Soc., Hydro-Québec, and Serv. des Inventaries Ecologiques, James Bay Dev. Soc., Montreal.
Fontaine, C. 1979. Validation de la carte de potentiel du castor pour le territorie NBR. Division Environnement, Division études NBR, [Validation of the beaver potential map for the NBR territory] Société d'Energie de la Baie James, Québec. 22 pp.
Gantcheff, G. and P. Normandeau. 1979. The applications of the James Bay Ecological Inventory, a manager's appreciation. Pages 239-249 in C.D.A. Rubec, ed. Applications of ecological (Biophysical) land classification in Canada: Proc. of the second meeting. Can. Comm. on Ecol. Land Classification, Environ. Can., Lands Directorate, Ecol. Land Classification Ser. no. 7. Ottawa.
Gauthier, P. and Y. Lafleur. 1985. Inventaire du castor (Castor canadensis) dans le Parc National de la Mauricie. [Beaver aerial survey in la Mauricie National Parc] Service de la conservation de ressources naturelles, Parcs Can. 83 pp. Ottawa.
Gingras, J. 1967. étude de l'écologie du castor dans la région du lac Monroe, parc du Mont Tremblant, P. Qué. [Study of beaver ecology in the lake Monroe region of Mont Tremblant Park, P. Qué] M.S. Thesis, Université de Montréal, Québec. 96 pp.
Gotie, R. F. and D. L. Jenks. 1985. Assessment of the use of wetlands inventory maps for determining potential beaver habitat. N.Y. Fish and Game J. 31(1):55-62.
Hall, A. M. 1971. Ecology of beaver and selection of prey by wolves in central Ontario. M.S. Thesis. Univ. of Toronto, Ontario. 106 pp.
Howard, R. J. and J. S. Larson. 1985. A stream habitat classification system for beaver Castor canadensis. J. Wildl. Manage. 49(1):19-25.
Hurley, J. F. 1986. Summary: Development, testing, and application of wildlife-habitat models - the manager's viewpoint. Pages 151-153 in J. Verner, M. L. Morrison and C. J. Ralph, eds. Wildlife 2000: modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. Univ. of Wiscosin Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
Ironside, G. R. 1982. The Canadian Committee on Ecological (Biophysical) Land Classification (CCELC): history, objectives, organization, and activities. Pages 3-5 in D. G. Taylor, ed. Land/wildlife integration: Proc. of a technical workshop to discuss the incorporation of wildlife information into ecological land surveys. Environ. Can., Lands Directorate, Ecol. Land Classification Ser. no. 11. Ottawa.
Jackson, J. 1997. Ducks will flock to managed wetlands, Tree Farmer, May/June p. 12-15,28-29
Jurdant, M. J., L. Bélair, V. Gérardin, and J. P. Ducruc. 1977. L'inventaire du capital-nature: Méthode de classification et de cartographie du territoire (3ième approximation). [The nature-capital inventory: Classification and mapping method of the territory (third approximation)] Fish and Oceans, Environ. Can., Ecol. Land Classification Ser. no. 2. 64 pp. Ottawa.
Study of beaver (Castor canadensis): Phase 2 (food)] Parcs Can., Sect. Conserv. des Ressources Nat., Parc Natl. de la Mauricie. 52 pp.
Larouche, G. 1978. Projet d'inventaire aérien du castor dans la réserve Papineau-Labelle. [Proposal for an aerial survey of beaver in Papineau-Labelle Wildlife Reserve] Ministère du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la Pêche., Serv. de l'Aménagement et Exploitation de la Faune, Direction Rég. de l'Outaouais, Hull. 5 pp.
Levasseur, J. M. and J. M. Mondoux. 1977. Clef de potential pour le castor (3ieme approximation). [Beaver potential key (third approximation)] Report E.T.B.N. No. 35. Environ. Can., Lands Directorate, Reg. Ecol. Stud. Sect., Quebec. 3 pp.
Macquart, M. 1983. Compte rendu de l'inventaire aérien du castor dans quelques terrains de piégeage de la réserve faunique de Papineau-Labelle en 1983. [Report on the aerial survey for beaver in a few trapping areas in Papineau-Labelle Wildlife Reserve] Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche., Serv. de l'Aménagement et Exploitation de la Faune, Direction Rég. de l'Outaouais, Hull. 10 pp.
Nault, R. and C. Bascon. 1983. étude du castor dans la région d'Eastmain. [Beaver study in the Eastmain region] Société d énergie de la Baie James, Direction de l'Environ.
44 pp.
Northcott, T. H. A. 1964. An investigation of the factors affecting carrying capacity of selected areas in Newfoundland for the beaver, (Castor canadensis caecator Bangs, 1913). M.S. Thesis, Memorial Univ., St. John's, Newf. 144 pp.
Parsons, G. R. and M. K. Brown. 1978. An assessment of aerial photograph interpretation for recognizing potential beaver colony sites. Trans. Northeast Fish and Wildl. Conf. 35:181-184.
_____, _____. 1978b. An assessment of aerial photograph interpretation for recognizing potential beaver colony sites. N.Y. Fish and Game J. 25(2):175-177.
Patenaude, F. 1983. Care of the young in a family of wild beavers, Castor canadensis. Acta Zool. Fennico 174:121-122.
_____, and J. Bovet. 1983. Partuition and related behaviour in wild American beavers (Castor canadensis). Z. Saugertierkd 48:136-145.
_____. 1986. étude de la qualité des fourrures de la Côte-Nord du Golfe du Saint-Laurent (saison 1984-1985). Assoc. Prov. des Trappeurs Indépendants Inc., Conseil rég. Cote-Nord, Sept-lles, Québec. 103 pp.
Pierce, T. W. 1981. Canada land inventory: land capability for wildlife - Waterfowl summary report. Environ. Can., Lands Directorate, Ottawa, Ont. 19 pp.
Pilon, C. and C. Daigle. 1984. Composition des colonies de castor (Castor canadensis) en Abitibi-Temiscamingue. [Beaver colony composition in Abitibi-Temiscamingue] Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Serv. de l'Aménagement et de l'Exploitation de la Faune, Direction Rég. de l'Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn, Quebec. 37 pp.
Potvin, F. 1986. écologie du loup dans la réserve de Papineau-Labelle. [Ecology of the wolf in Papineau-Labelle Reserve] Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Direction Générale de la Faune, Québec. 103 pp.
Rowe, J. S. 1972. Forest regions of Canada. Publ. No. 1300, Dept. Environ., Can. For. Serv. 172 pp.
Roy L. and C. Michaud. 1985. Inventaire aérien du castor dans la division Saguenay, secteur Baie-Comeau/Sept-îles, 1984. [Aerial survey of beaver in the Saguenay division, Baie Comeau/Sept-lles sector 1984] Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Peche, Service de l'aménagement et de l'exploitation de la faune, Rég. Côte-Nord. Sept-îles, Québec. 35 pp.
Salwasser, H. 1986. Modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates: the manager's viewpoint. Page 419-424 in J. Verner, M. L. Morrison and C. J. Ralph, eds. Wildlife 2000: modeling habitat relationships of terrestiral vertebrates. Univ. of Wis. Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
Schamberger, M., A. H. Farmer, and J. W. Terrell. 1982. Habitat suitability index models: introduction. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv. FSW/OBS-82/10. 2 pp.
Slough, B. G. and R. M. F. S. Sadleir. 1977. A land capability classification system for beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) Can. J. Zool. 55:1324-1335.
SOTRAC. 1987. Faune terrestre du territoire de la Baie James: Synth&#egrave;se des connaissances et orientation de gestion, rapport final. [Terrestrial wildlife of the James Bay territory: summary of knowledge and management orientation, final report] André Marsan & Associés (Lavalin), Dossier no. 54072. 152 pp.
Thomas, J. W. 1986. Wildlife-habitat modeling: cheers, fears, and introspection. Pages xix-xxv in J. Verner, M. L. Morrison and C. J. Ralph, eds. Wildlife 2000: modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. Univ. of Wis. Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
Traversy, N. and R. McNicoll. 1979. Mise au point d'une technique de marquage du castor (1974-1978). [Refining a beaver tagging technique (1974-1978)] Minist&#egrave;re du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Direction Générale de la faune, Québec.
_____, _____. 1976a. Dynamique d'une population de castors à la Baie James. [Dynamics of a James Bay beaver population] Ministère du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Québec. 53 pp.
_____. 1976b. Projet d'exploitation contrôlée du castor dans la réserve Portneuf. [Plan for controlled beaver trapping in Portneuf Wildlife Reserve] Minist&#egrave;re du Tourisme de la Chasse et de la Pêch, Québec.
____, and M. Morasse. 1975. Inventaire aérien du castor à la Baie James, octobre 1974. [Aerial survey of beaver at James Bay, October 1974] Service de la recherche faunique, Minist&#egrave;re du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Québec. 14 pp.
_____. 1975. étude de l'habitat du castor à la Baie James (Lacs). [Study of beaver habitat at James Bay: lakes] Service de la recherche faunique, Minist&#egrave;re du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Québec. 30 pp.
_____. 1974. Méthode expérimentale de classement potentiel de l'habitat pour le castor de la Baie James (2ieme approximation). [Experimental method for potential classification of habitat for James Bay beaver (second approximation)] Ministère du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Québec. 24 pp.
Tremblay, S. and L. Bélanger. 1987. Mod&#egrave;le d'évaluation des terres humides du Québec. en fonction de leur importance pur la sauvagine. [Model to evaluate the importance of Québec wetlands with respect to waterfowl] Minist&#egrave;re du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Direction de la gestion des esp&#egrave;ces et des habitats, Québec. 58 pp.
Verner, J. M. L. Morrison and C. J. Ralph, editors. 1986. Wildlife 2000: modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. Univ. of Wis. Press, Madison, Wisconsin. 470 pp.
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