Gamma Theory

Forcing it a little, there are 13 major groups of practices and techniques about ways to speed up, hold constant, or set back succession. These replace Leopold's "cow, plow, fire, and axe".

• Forestry
• Fertilizing
• Farming
• Fencing
• Flooding
• Feeding
• Forming (i.e., re-shaping the land, as in mining)
• Faunizing (e.g., grazing)
• Fulminate (explosives, as in pond creation and shaping)
• Furnishing (e.g., cavities, birdhouses)
• Fire (e.g., prescribed as well as "chemical fire" or herbicides)
• File (e.g., administrative action)
• Finalizing (e.g., under a parking lot)

The combinations and permutations of these 13 create a spectacularly large set of options to manipulate faunal space.