Belize Biodiversity Information System

Taxonomy

Species ID	050300
Name	Common Mustached Bat
Other Common Names	Parnell's Mustached Bat
Category	05 Mammals
Phylum
Subphylum
Class	Mammalia
Subclass	Theria
Suborder	Microchiroptera
Family	Mormoopidae
Genus	Pteronotus
Species	parnellii
Subspecies
References	1, 2, 3, 15, 16
Scientific Synonyms	Chilonyctris rubiginosus Wagner 1843, Phyllodia parnellii Gray 1843

Comments

15* Nine subspecies currently recognized: P.p. parnelli (=boothi) (Cuba and Jamaica), P.p. pusillus (Hispaniola), P.p. gonavensis (Gonave island off east coast of Hispaniola), P.p. portoricensin (Puerto Rico), P.p. mexicanus (Sonora and tamaulipas to Oaxaca and Veracruz in Mexico) , P.p. mesoamericanus (on the western coast from Chaipas to western panama and on the east coast from Veracruz and Yucatan to Honduras), P. p. rubinginosus (Honduras to Panama; also Tobago, Trinidad and southern Venezuela to Surinam, eastern Peru, and northeasern Brazil), P.p. fuscus (northeastern Columbia and northern Venezuela except for the Pagaguana peninsula), P.p. paraguensis (Pagauana peninsula of northern Venezuela).

Pteronotus parnellii01.JPG

Status

Status Code	Status Translation	References
271	Common: high density, likely to be seen in many places	4
271	Common: high density, likely to be seen in many places	24

Distribution

DISTRICT	References
	24
Belize	24
Cayo	32
Corozal	24
Orange Walk	24
Stann Creek	24
Toledo	24

Administrative Unit	Occurrence	Abundance	Temporal	References
Chiquibul Forest Reserve	Captured or Mist netted and released	Unknown, insuffient data	June	32
Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	Dry season (Jan-May)	24
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	September	24
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	August	24
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	July	24
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	November	24
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	December	24
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	October	24
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	February	24
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	May	24
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	March	24
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	January	24
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	April	24
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	June	24
Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve	Recorded vocalization.	Common	December	24
Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve	Recorded vocalization.	Common	March	24
Temash-Sarstoon National Park	Recorded vocalization.	Common	January	24
Rio Bravo Conservation Area	Recorded vocalization.	Common	July	24
BFREE - Private Reserve	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	November	24
BFREE - Private Reserve	Recorded vocalization.	Common	October	24
Town or Village, see comments.	Recorded vocalization.	Common	April	24
Private land, see comments	Recorded vocalization.	Common	February	24
Blue Hole National Park	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	November	24
Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	June	25
Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	July	25
Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary	Recorded vocalization.	Common	June	21
Private land, see comments	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	July	24
Private land, see comments	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	November	23
Blue Hole National Park	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	November	23
Vaca Forest Reserve	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	May	21
Temash-Sarstoon National Park	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	January	20
Caracol Archaeological Reserve	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	October	19
Caracol Archaeological Reserve	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	February	7
Caracol Archaeological Reserve	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	May	7
Shipstern Nature Reserve	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	April	24,18
Honey Camp (Proposed)	Collected as voucher.	Unknown, insuffient data	May	27
Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve	Collected as voucher.	Unknown, insuffient data	February	27
Columbia River Forest Reserve	Collected as voucher.	Unknown, insuffient data	September	26
Columbia River Forest Reserve	Collected as voucher.	Unknown, insuffient data	August	26
Columbia River Forest Reserve	Recorded vocalization.	Common	February	11
Columbia River Forest Reserve	Collected as voucher.	Unknown, insuffient data	July	27
Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve	Collected as voucher.	Unknown, insuffient data	July	27
Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve	Collected as voucher.	Unknown, insuffient data	April	26
Rio Bravo Conservation Area	Collected as voucher.	Unknown, insuffient data	May	28
Bladen Nature Reserve		Unknown, insuffient data	May	24
Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve		Unknown, insuffient data	July	24
Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve		Unknown, insuffient data	June	24
Altun Ha Archaeological Reserve	Collected as voucher.	Unknown, insuffient data	March	12
Altun Ha Archaeological Reserve	Collected as voucher.	Unknown, insuffient data	February	12
Government land	Recorded vocalization.	Uncommon	January	17
Altun Ha Archaeological Reserve	Collected as voucher.		Dry season (Jan-May)	12
Rio Bravo Conservation Area	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	Permanent Resident (Year-round)	6
Bladen Nature Reserve	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	May	5
Gallon Jug	Captured or Mist netted and released	Common	Dry season (Jan-May)	8
Shipstern Nature Reserve	Heard	Common	Dry season (Jan-May)	9
Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve	Collected as voucher.	Unknown, insuffient data	Dry season (Jan-May)	11
Private land, see comments	Collected as voucher.		August	13
Altun Ha Archaeological Reserve	Collected as voucher.		March	12
Rio Bravo Conservation Area	Captured or Mist netted and released		Dry season (Jan-May)	14

Hydrologic Unit Distribution	References
Temash River	24
Macal River	24
Sibun River	24
Bladen Branch	24
New River Lagoon	24
North Stann Creek	25
Blue Creek	24,24
Sarstoon River	24,20

ELEVATION Association	References
1-200 m	24,29
401-600 m	32,24
0-100 m	24,20
601-800 m	11
201-400 m	24
401-600 m	19,7
401-500 m	24
0-100 m	18
101-200 m	24,5
1-200 m	24,25,23,22,21,17
601-800 m	11

QUAD Distribution	References
16 00' to 16 15'; 88 45' to 89 00'	29
17 30' to 17 45'; 88 45' to 89 00'	24
17 15' to 17 30'; 88 30' to 88 45'	24
16 45' to 17 00'; 88 45' to 89 00'	24
17 00' to 17 15'; 88 30' to 88 45'	24,23,22
15 50' to 16 00'; 88 50' to 89 15'	24,20
18 00' to 18 15'; 88 00' to 88 15'	18
16 15' to 16 30'; 89 00' to 89 15'	11
17 30' to 17 45'; 88 15' to 88 30'	27
18 00' to 18 15'; 88 15' to 88 30'	27
16 45' to 17 00'; 88 15' to 88 30'	24,25
17 15' to 17 30'; 88 15' to 88 30'	27
18 00' to 18 15'; 88 30' to 88 45'	27
16 15' to 16 30'; 89 00' to 89 15'	26
17 00' to 17 15'; 89 00' to 89 15'	21
16 00' to 16 15'; 88 45' to 89 00'	27
16 00' to 16 15'; 89 00' to 89 15'	24
17 15' to 17 30'; 88 45' to 89 00'	27
17 45' to 18 00'; 89 00' to 89 15'	28
17 00' to 17 15'; 88 45' to 89 00'	24
16 30' to 16 45'; 88 45' to 89 00'	32,24,5
16 30' to 16 45'; 88 30' to 88 45'	24,17
17 45' to 18 00'; 88 15' to 88 30'	12
17 30' to 17 45'; 89 00' to 89 15'	24,5
17 30' to 17 45'; 88 30' to 88 45'	24,6
18 15' to 18 30'; 88 15' to 88 30'	18,7
16 45' to 17 00'; 89 00' to 89 15'	24,19,7,9
16 45' to 17 00'; 88 45' to 89 00'	26,9
18 15' to 18 30'; 88 00' to 88 15'	24,18,11
16 15' to 16 30'; 88 45' to 89 00'	27,13
17 45' to 18 00'; 88 45' to 89 00'	12

Holdridge Life Zone Distribution	References
Subtropical wet	29
Subtropical Lower Montane wet	11
Subtropical moist	24
Tropical wet-transition to Subtropical	24,20
Subtropical Lower Montane wet	24,11
Tropical moist-transition to Subtropical	24,24,25,23,22
Subtropical Lower Montane wet	26
Subtropical Lower Montane moist	32,26
Tropical wet-transition to Subtropical	27
Subtropical wet	24,5
Subtropical wet	17
Subtropical moist	21,19,7,8,12
Subtropical moist	13
Subtropical moist	9

Comments on Distribution

17* Las Sierritas, Toledo District.
14* Hillbank; La Milpa.
12* ROM Rockstone Pond.
13*  0.75mi. E Corozal
11* Trapped and recorded at cave W of Sarteneja Airstrip.
5*  Quebrada de Oro
2*  specimen from Stann Creek Valley
5* Quebrado de Oro

Graphics

Distribution map
Vocal signature
Vocal signature with call parameters

Habitat Associations

Forest Type Associations	Seral Stage	Canopy Closure	References
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species	all stages	71-100%	32
Broadleaf hill forests over limestone in rolling or flat terrain.	all stages	71-100%	32
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species; Ramon-Chiquebul Forest.	all stages	71-100%	32
Lowland broadleaf moist evergreen seasonal forests over poor soils.	all stages	71-100%	24
Transitional Broadleaf Forest Poor in Lime-loving Species	all stages	71-100%	24
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species: Sapote-ramon-spice forest.	all stages	71-100%	24
Marsh and Swamp Communities	all stages	71-100%	24
Disturbed scrub	all stages	71-100%	24
Freshwater swamp forest (permanently waterlogged), typical variant.	all stages	71-100%	24
Marsh and Swamp Communities	all stages	71-100%	24
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species	all stages	71-100%	24
This serves to update Wright et al. for urban or agricultural areas devoid of native vegetation.	all stages	71-100%	24
Agriculture, no native vegetation.	all stages	71-100%	24
Montane scrub forest over volcanics.	all stages	71-100%	24
Seasonally waterlogged fire-induced shrubland of the plains.	all stages	71-100%	24
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species	all stages	71-100%	24
Mixed hill forests over poor soils (Mountain Pine Ridge).	all stages	71-100%	24
Tall herb wetland communities.	all stages	71-100%	24
Lowland broadleaf moist evergreen seasonal forests over poor soils.	all stages	71-100%	24
Agriculture, no native vegetation.	all stages	71-100%	24
Broadleaf hill forests over limestone in steep terrain.	all stages	71-100%	24
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species; Chiquebul-Bullhoof Forest	all stages	71-100%	24
Broadleaf Forest with Few Lime-loving Species	all stages	71-100%	25
Disturbed scrub	all stages	71-100%	25
Lowland broadleaf moist evergreen seasonal forests over poor soils.	all stages	71-100%	25
Transitional Broadleaf Forest Poor in Lime-loving Species	all stages	71-100%	25
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species	Disturbed	41-70%	24
Broadleaf hill forests over limestone in steep terrain.	Disturbed	41-70%	24
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species	Disturbed	71-100%	23
Broadleaf hill forests over limestone in steep terrain.	Disturbed	71-100%	23
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species; Chiquebul-Bullhoof Forest	Disturbed	71-100%	23
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species	Disturbed	71-100%	22
Transitional Broadleaf Forest Poor in Lime-loving Species	all stages	41-70%	21
Marsh and Swamp Communities	Old Growth	71-100%	20
Freshwater swamp forest (permanently waterlogged), typical variant.	Old Growth	71-100%	20
This serves to update Wright et al. for urban or agricultural areas devoid of native vegetation.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	24,18
Dwarf mangrove scrub.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	18
Coastal Formations	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	18
Lowland broadleaf moist semi-evergreen scrub forest.	all stages	41-70%	24,18
Lowland broadleaf moist evergreen seasonal forests over limestone, northeastern variant.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	18
Mixed mangrove scrub.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	18
Broadleaf hill forests over limestone in rolling or flat terrain.	all stages	41-70%	24,11
Transitional Broadleaf Forest Poor in Lime-loving Species	all stages	41-70%	24,11
Pine Forest and Orchard Savanna	all stages	71-100%	24
Broadleaf hill forests over non-calcareous rocks, Santa Maria variant.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	26
Marsh and Swamp Communities	all stages	71-100%	24
Marsh and Swamp Communities	all stages	71-100%	24
Transitional Broadleaf Forest Poor in Lime-loving Species	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	29
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species; Sapote-Mahogany	all stages	Canopy unknown	24
Riparian seasonal swamp forests	all stages	Canopy unknown	24
Marsh and Swamp Communities	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	27
Broadleaf Forest Moderately Rich in Lime-loving Species; Cohune-Quamwood Forest	all stages	Canopy unknown	24,18
URBAN, human settlement.	all stages	Canopy unknown	24
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species; Ramon-Chiquebul forest.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	26
Pine Forest and Orchard Savanna	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	24
Lowland needle-leaf moist open forests over poor soils.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	27
Transitional Low Broadleaf Forest and Shrubland	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	27
Broadleaf Forest with Occasional Lime-loving Species; Negrito-Cohune Palm Forest.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	24
Seasonal swamp forests of Southern and Central Belize, typical variant.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	29
Broadleaf Forest with Few Lime-loving Species	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	27
Cohune Palm Forest	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	24,24
Broadleaf Forest Moderately Rich in Lime-loving Species; Quamwood-Bastard Mahogany Forest.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	26
Needle-leaf hill forests over poor soils (Mountain Pine Ridge).	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	24
Broadleaf Forest w/Occasional Lime-loving Species; Cohune-Banak forest.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	24
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	26
Lowland broadleaf rain forest over poor or sandy soils.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	26
Marsh and Swamp Communities	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	26
Broadleaf Forest with few Lime-loving Species	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	26
Broadleaf hill forests over limestone in rolling or flat terrain.	mature tree	Canopy unknown	26
Seasonal swamp forests (marsh forests) of Northern Belize, variant 1.	mature tree	Canopy unknown	24
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species; Sapote-Mahogany Forest	mature tree	Canopy unknown	24,24,18
Lowland broadleaf moist evergreen seasonal forest over limestone, northwestern variant.	mature tree	Canopy unknown	24
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species: Sapote-Silion forest.	mature tree	Canopy unknown	24
Transitional Broadleaf Forest Poor in Lime-loving Species	mature tree	Canopy unknown	24
Lowland broadleaf rain forests over moderately lime-rich alluvium.	mature tree	Canopy unknown	24
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species; Chiquebul-Bullhoof Forest	Disturbed	41-70%	22
Broadleaf hill forests over limestone in steep terrain.	Disturbed	41-70%	22,19,7
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species	all stages	41-70%	21,19,7
Agriculture, no native vegetation.	Disturbed	41-70%	22
Transitional Low Broadleaf Forest and Shrubland	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	12
Transitional Broadleaf Forest Poor in Lime-loving Species	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	5
Lowland broadleaf rain forests over moderately lime-rich alluvium.	stage unknown	Canopy unknown	5
Broadleaf Forest Rich in Lime-loving Species; Sapote-Mahogany Forest	mature tree	41-70%	9
Transitional Broadleaf Forest Poor in Lime-loving Species	all stages	71-100%	11
Broadleaf hill forests over limestone in rolling or flat terrain.	all stages	71-100%	11

Food Habits

Trophic

INSECTIVORE

References on Trophic Level

16

Lifestage	Food Item Consumed	Part of Food Item
Adult	Lepidoptera	Adult stage
Adult	Coleoptera	Adult stage
Adult	Orthoptera	Adult stage

Comments on General Food Habits

16* The Common mustached bat has been variously reported to consume Lepidoptera (Bateman and Vaughan, 1974), mainly Coleoptera (Whitaker and Findley, 1980), and mainly Coleoptera and Lepidoptera (Howell and Burch, 1974). The latter authors reported that the sympatric P. suapurensis consumed mainly Orthoptera, suggesting food was partitioned by the two species. Selectivity in diet was supported by their rejection of lympyrid beetles, arctiid and ctenuchid moths, and the geometrid moth, Thyrinteina arnobia, when fed together other prey insects in the laboratory (Goldman and Henson, 1977).

Life History

Life History Narrative

24* This species has been found in virtually every habitat sampled in Belize. It appears to be a wide ranging habitat generalist. 16* Pteronotus parnellii has rather broad habitat associations, occurring in humid to arid habitats from coastal lowlands to 3,000 m (Smith, 1972). It is a common bat throughout its range, roosting during the day in caves and mines, which it often shares with other species of bats. The Common mustached bat prefers to roost in the largest chambers of large, humid caves. It emerges shortly after sunset and remains active for 5 to 7 h. In January a sex ratio of 1:1 of individuals sharing roosts, and frequent visits to the roost during the evening, are coincident with the period of copulation and may represent "swarming" (Goodwin, 1970). Following this period the sexes appear to segregate at different roosts. Pteronotus parnellii does not use night roosts and is assumed to remain "on the wing" during the entire period it is absent from its day roost. These bats fly near the ground and follow definite routes (usually along natural depressions in the topography) when dispersing from day roost to feeding grounds, which may be several kilometers distant (Bateman and Vaughan, 1974). The average flight speed of P. parnellii along a natural flyway is 17.5 km/h (Kennedy et al., 1977).

References

1  McCarthy, T. J. 1993. Checklist: Mammals of Belize. BAS Newsletter
   25 (2-3).

2  Hall, E. R. 1981. Mammals of North America. Second ed. John Wiley &
   Sons. New York. 1:90-92

3  Koopman, Karl F. 1993. Chiroptera. in  Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder,
   eds, Mammalian species of the world, 2nd ed, Smithsonian Institution
   Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 137-241.

4  Emmons, L. H. 1990.  Neotropical Rainforest Mammals, a field guide.
   University of Chicago Press.  Chicago and London. p.52-53

5  McCarthy, T. J., M. Blake. 1987.  Noteworthy bat records from the Maya
   Mountains Forest Reserve, Belize.  Mammalia v. 51, No. 1, pp.161-164

6  Jacobson, S. 1990. Wildlife Inventory of the Rio Bravo Conservation and
   Management Area. Parts I and II. Appendix 2.

7  Howell, D. 1990. The Bats of Caracol. Parts I and II. 22 pp. Unpub.
   report for Wildlife Conservation Society.

8  Miller, C.M., B.W. Miller. 1994 (Nov.). Working Checklist: Mammals of
   Gallon Jug and Chan Chich Lodge Area. Unpublished list.

9  Quigley, H. B., B. W. Miller, C. M. Miller. 1995.  Mammal Survey,
   Shipstern Nature Reserve, April 4-13, 1995. Unpublished report for ITCF.

10 Cartwright, Anne McKnight Furnish. 1977.  Patterns of Neotropical
   Chiroptera Reproduction Including Histological and Ecological Aspects of
   Bats Collected In Belize.  Dissertation for Doctor of Education. Ball
   State University. Muncie, Indiana.

11 Miller, B.W.  1997. Columbia River Forest Reserve Expedition 17-23
   February, 1997, Bat Survey.  Wildlife Conservation Society Tropical
   Forest and Reserve Planning Project Belize. Technical Report. 19 pp.

12 ROM. 1995. Collections data from mammal department, Royal Ontario
   Museum.

13 LSU Museum of Natural Science, Belize collection. August 31, 1995.
   Curator: Mark S. Hafner.

14 Smith, Rosemary L. 1994.  Neotropical Bats as Indicators of
   Environmental Disturbance.  Masters Thesis. Durrell Institute of
   Conservation and Ecology. pp.64.

15 Koopman, Karl F. 1994. Chiroptera: Systematics (in) Handbook of Zoology.
   W. de Gruyter. Berlin-NY. p.46.

16 Herd, R. M. 1983. Pteronotus parnellii.  Mammalian Species. No.209.
   pp.1-5. American Society of Mammalogists.

17 Miller, B.W. and C.M. Miller. 1998. Las Sierritas, Toledo District,
   Belize. Rapid Environmental Appraisal Report for Mott MacDonald, Ltd.
   6-10 January 1998.

18 Bartschi, D. 1998. Chiropteres de al Reserva Naturelle de Shipstern et
   de ses environs (Nord du Belize): Inventaire et biologie. Masters Thesis
   University of Neuchatel, Switzerland. 101 pp.

19 Miller, B.W. and C.M. Miller. 1993. Mist net bat survey. March-April
   1992, October 1993. Biodiversity of Caracol Archaeological Reserve.
   Wildlife Conservation Society Tropical Forest and Reserve Planning
   Project Belize. Unpublished report.

20 Miller, B.W. 1999. Prliminary reconaisance of the bats of the Sarstoon
   and Temash rivers.  Wildlife Conservation Society, Tropical Forest and
   Reserve Planning Project, Belize. Unpublished technical report.

21 Miller, B.W. and C.M. Miller. 1999. Harp trap and acoustic bat survey,
   April 11, 1996 and May 16, 1999, upper entrance of Actun Chapot Cave.
   Vaca Forest Reserve. Wildlife Conservation Society Tropical Forest and
   Reserve Planning Project Belize. Unpublished report.

22 Miller, B.W. 1996. Preliminary reconaisance of the bats of Five Blues
   Lake National Park.  Survey at Tamandua Farm south of Five Blues Lake
   N.P. Wildlife Conservation Society, Tropical Forest and Reserve Planning
   Project, Belize. Unpublished data.

23 Miller, B.W. 2000. Survey of the bats of Blue Hole National Park and
   adjacent Jaguar Creek.  Wildlife Conservation Society, Tropical Forest
   and Reserve Planning Project, Belize. Technical Report for Belize
   Audubon Society.

24 Miller, B.W. 2001. Community Ecology of the Non-phyllostomid bats of
   Northwestern Belize, with a landscape level assessment of the bats of
   Belize.  PhD. Dissertation. University of Kent, Durrell Institute of
   Conservation and Ecology.

25 Miller, B.W. and C.M. Miller. 1999. Results of a survey of bats of the
   Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary. Wildlife Conservation Society,
   Tropical Forest and Reserve Planning Project, Belize. Technical Report
   for Belize Audubon Society. 16 pp.

26 CM. 1997. Carnegie Musuem, Division of mammals. Data imported on
   date: 06/13/00.

27 FMNH. 1997. Mammal holdings in the Field Musuem of Natural History,
   unpublished listing. Data imported pn date: 06/13/00.

28 UF. Florida Sate Musuem Mammal Deptartment, Belize holdings. University
   of Florida, Gainesville.  Imported on date: 09/20/00

29 MSU. Michigan State University. Mammal collection holdings form Belize.
   Imported on 9/22/00.

30 O'Farrell, M. J. and B. W. Miller. 1999. Use of Vocal Signatures for the
   Inventory of Free-flying Neotropical Bats. Biotropica 31(3):507-516.

31 O'Farrell, M. J. and B. W. Miller. 1997. A New Examination of
   Echolocation Calls of Some Neotropical Bats (Emballonuridae and
   Mormoopidae). Journal of Mammalogy 87(3):954-963.

32 Miller, B.W. 2001. Preliminary survey of the bats of Las Cuevas BM Field
   Station, and Ek Tun lodge property on Macal River. June 16-20, 2001. WCS Tropcial Forest and
   Reserve Planning Project Technical Report.